It’s no joke: The critical power of a laughing chorus (original) (raw)
Abstract
There is no known time in history, nor known human community without laughter. Laughter imbues our social life. Laughter dominates our daily interactions, perhaps more visibly so on social media, where it is now a weapon wielded frequently against marketers. Yet, marketing theory paid little attention to laughter as a social phenomenon or a collective consumer (re)action. This article begins to address this neglect through an integrative review of theories of laughter and specifically by introducing Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of a laughing chorus. I engage the notion as a way to understand the internet publics’ rowdy laughter directed at marketing. I show that seemingly nihilistic, irresponsible and discordant laughter is nonetheless an efficacious and notably polyvocal social commentary. To probe further the power of a laughing chorus, I draw on the works of Henri Bergson and Alenka Zupancic and elaborate on laughter as a form of expression that does not depend on reason and argument...

Loading Preview
Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.
References (70)
- ABC News (2017) 'Outrage Over New Pepsi ad', URL (accessed 5 May 2017): https://twitter.com/gma/status/ 849587013032464384.
- The Ad Age (2017) 'Pepsi Is Pulling Its Widely Mocked Kendall Jenner Ad', URL (accessed 5 May 2017): https://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/pepsi-pulling-widely-mocked-kendall-jenner-ad/308575.
- Bakhtin, M. (1981) 'Epic and the Novel', in Holquist, M. (ed.) The Dialogic Imagination, pp. 3-40. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
- Bakhtin, M. (1984) Rabelais and His World, trans H. Iswolsky. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. BBC (2014) 'The Women Having a Laugh in Turkey', URL (accessed 7 March 2018): https://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/blogs-trending-28548179.
- Bergson, H. (1911) Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic. London: Macmillan. URL (accessed 3 Janurary 2019) https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4352.
- Berlant, L. and and Ngai, S. eds (2017) 'Comedy Has Issues', Critical Inquiry 43(2): 233-589.
- Billig, M. (2005) Laughter and Ridicule: Towards a Social Critique of Humour. London: SAGE.
- Bos, D. and and Hart, M. eds (2008) Humour and Social Protest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bussie, J. (2007) The Laughter of the Oppressed. New York: T&T Clark.
- Butler, N. (2015) 'Joking Aside: Theorizing Laughter in Organizations', Culture and Organization 21(1): 42-58.
- Butler, N., Hoedemakers, C. and Russell, D.S. (2015) 'The Comic Organisation', Ephemera 15(3): 497-512.
- BuzzFeed (2017) 'People Are Coming up with New United Airlines Mottos', URL (accessed 8 June 2017): www.buzzfeednews.com/article/stephaniemcneal/skymaul.
- Campbell, N. and Deane, C. (2018) 'Bacteria and the Market', Marketing Theory 19(3): 1-21.
- Carpio, G. (2008) Laughing Fit to Kill: Black Humour in the Fictions of Slavery. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Caruana, R., Crane, A. and Fitchett, J.A. (2008) 'Paradoxes of Consumer Independence: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Independent Traveller', Marketing Theory 8(3): 253-72.
- Chiaro, D. and Baccolini, R. (2014) Gender and Humour. New York: Routledge.
- Clark, J.H. (2019) 'The State Kills, We Kill, Everyone Kills:' Cracking and Framing the Field with Humor', Political Geography 68: 131-38.
- CNN (2017) 'United Takes a Beating on Social Media', URL (accessed 8 June 2017): https://edition.cnn.com/ videos/us/2017/04/12/united-airlines-new-motto-social-media-competitor-backlash-moos-pkg-erin.cnn.
- Critchley, S. (2002) On Humour. London: Routledge.
- Davis, J., Love, T and Killen, G. (2018) 'Seriously Funny: The Political Work of Humor on Social Media', New Media & Society 20(10): 3898-916.
- Davis, W. (2019) 'The Funny Side of Politics', Open Democracy. URL (accessed 9 April 2019): https://www. opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/funny-side-politics/.
- Douglas, M. (1968) 'The Social Control of Cognition: Some Factors in Joke Perception', Man 3(3): 361-76.
- Eagleton, T. (2019) Humour. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Elias, N. ([1956] 2017) 'Essay on Laughter', Critical Inquiry 43(2): 281-304.
- Fluri, J.L. and and Clark, J.H. (eds) (2019) 'Geographies and Counter-geopolitics of Humor Amid Adver- sity', Political Geography 68: 122-63.
- Fortune (2017) 'United Airlines Caused Outrage -and Its Stock Went Up', URL (accessed 8 June 2017): https://fortune.com/2017/04/10/united-airlines-stock-passenger-dragged/.
- Foucault, M. (1970) The Order of Things. New York: Vintage Books.
- Frazer, N. (1990) 'Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy', Social Text 25(6): 56-80.
- Freud, S. ([1905] 1960) Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
- Goldstein, D. (2003) Laughter out of Place. Berkley: University of California Press.
- Graefer, A., Kilby, A. and Kalviknes-Bore, I.L. (2018) 'Unruly Women and Carnivalesque Counter-control: Offensive Humor in Mediated Social Protest', Journal of Communication Inquiry 43(2): 171-93.
- The Guardian (2017) 'Kendall Jenner's Pepsi Ad Criticized for Co-opting Protest', URL (accessed 5 May 2017): www.theguardian.com/fashion/2017/apr/04/kendall-jenner-pepsi-ad-protest-black-lives-matter.
- Handelman, J. and Fischer, E. (2018) 'Contesting Understanding of Contestation: Rethinking Perspectives on Activism', in O. Kravets, P. Maclaran, S. Miles, et al. (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Consumer Culture, pp. 256-72. London: SAGE.
- Hayens, N. (2016) Social media in northern Chile. London: UCL Press.
- Heller, A. (2005) Immortal Comedy. London: Lexington Books.
- Hokenson, J.W. (2013) Comedies of Errors: Bergson's Laughter in Modernist Context', in P. Ardoin, S.E. Gontarski, and Mattison L. Ardoin (eds) Understanding Bergson, Understanding Modernism, pp. 38-53. London: Bloomsbury.
- Holbrook, M. and Hirschman, E. (1982) 'The Experiential Aspects of Consumption: Consumer Fantasies, Feelings, and Fun', Journal of Consumer Research 9(2): 132-40.
- Kuipers, G. (2006) Good Humor, Bad Taste. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Macpherson, H. (2008) 'The Workings of Humour and Laughter in Research with Members of Visually Impaired Walking Groups', Environment and Planning D 26: 1080-95.
- Man Repeller (2017) 'Kendall Jenner's Pepsi Commercial: The Untold Story', URL (accessed 5 May 2017): https://www.manrepeller.com/2017/04/kendall-jenner-pepsi-ad.html.
- Marketing Week (2019) 'Peloton Ad Is Bad but Will Benefit the Brand', URL (accessed 15 April 2019): https://www.marketingweek.com/ritson-peloton-ad-benefit-brand/.
- Mashable (2017) 'The Runniest Reactions to Kendall Jenner's Terrible 'Woke' Pepsi Ad', URL (accessed 5 May 2017): https://mashable.com/2017/04/04/pepsi-commercial-cringeworthy.
- Mazzarella, W. (2010) 'The Myth of the Multitude, or, Who's Afraid of the Crowd', Critical Inquiry 36(4): 697-727.
- Morreall, J. (ed.) (1987) The Philosophy of Laughter and Humor. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
- Musharbash, Y. (2019) 'Keynote: Laughter and Difference in Central Australia', in On Laughter IAS UCL conference, London, UK, 10-12 July.
- Nagle, A. (2017) Kill all Normies. Winchester: Zero Books.
- Obadare, E. (2009) 'The Uses of Ridicule: Humour, 'Infrapolitics' and Civil Society in Nigeria', African Affairs 108(431): 241-61.
- Papacharissi, Z. (2015) Affective Publics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Parvulescu, A. (2010) Laughter: Notes on a Passion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Pérez, R and (2016) 'Racist Humor: Then and Now', Sociology Compass 10: 298-38.
- Phillips, W. (2015) This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Philips, W. and Milner, R. (2017) The Ambivalent Internet. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
- Pickering, M. (2008) Research Methods for Cultural Studies. Edinburg, UK: Edinburg University Press. Rambukkana, N. (2015) Hashtag Publics. New York, NY: Peter Lang. Reddit (2017) 'New Pepsi Ad', URL (accessed 5 May 2017): https://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/63 t8w5/new_pepsi_ad/.
- Ridanpa ¨a ¨, J. (2017) 'Narrativizing (and Laughing) Spatial Identities Together in Mea ¨nkieli-speaking Minorities', Geoforum 83: 60-70.
- Rumbo, J. (2002) 'Consumer Resistance in a World of Advertising Clutter: The Case of Adbusters', Psy- chology & Marketing 19(2): 127-48.
- Shifman, L. (2013) Memes in Digital Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Shifman, L. and Lemish, D. (2010) 'Between Feminism and fun(ny)Mism', Information, Communication & Society 13(6): 870-91.
- Spiggle, S. (1994) 'Analysis and Interpretation of Qualitative Data in Consumer Research', Journal of Consumer Research 21(3): 491-503.
- Swinkels, M. and and de Koning, A. (eds) (2016) 'Humour', Etnofoor 28(1): 7-146.
- Tam, K and and Wesoky, S. (eds) (2018) Not Just a Laughing Matter. Singapore: Springer. The Telegraph (2017) 'Public Relations Nightmares', URL (accessed 5 May 2017): www.telegraph.co.uk/ business/2017/04/10/public-relations-nightmares-ten-worst-marketing-disasters-top/.
- Twitter Moment (2017) 'When United Re-accommodates You', URL (accessed 8 June 2017): https://twitter. com/i/moments/851541412944330752.
- Warren, C., Barsky, A. and Mcgraw, P. (2018) 'Humor, Comedy, and Consumer Behavior', Journal of Consumer Research 45(3): 529-52.
- The Washington Post (2017) 'The Full Timeline', URL (accessed 8 June 2017): www.washingtonpost.com/ news/the-intersect/wp/2017/04/11/the-full-timeline-of-how-social-media-turned-united-into-the-biggest- story-in-the-country/.
- Watson, C. (2015) 'A Sociologist Walks into a Bar (and Other Academic Challenges): Towards a Metho- dology of Humour', Sociology 49(3): 407-21.
- Weaver, S. (2011) The Rhetoric of Racist Humour: US, UK and Global Racist Joking. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
- Westwood, R. and and Rhodes, C. (eds) (2007) Humour, Work and Organization. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
- Wu, T. (2016) The Attention Merchants, New York, NY: Penguin.
- Yurchak, A. (2006) Everything Was Forever Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Zupanc ˆic ˆ, A. (2008) The Odd One In: On Comedy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Olga Kravets is a Senior Lecturer at Royal Holloway University of London and holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Sydney, Australia. Her research focuses on critical marketing studies and politics of consumer culture. She has been a co-organiser of Consumption, Markets, and Culture Doctoral Seminar since 2009 and she co-edited The SAGE Handbook of Consumer Culture. Her research was published in Journal of Marketing, Journal of Macromarketing, Journal of Marketing Management, Ephemera, Journal of Material Culture, Business History Review and edited books. She is a visiting professor at Bilkent University, Turkey.
FAQs
AI
What explains the shift in consumer response to corporate crises on social media?add
The paper reveals that a 'laughing chorus' emerges as a collective consumer response, generating mockery and satire during corporate crises, exemplified by incidents such as the United Airlines event in April 2017.
How does a 'laughing chorus' function as a mode of popular critique?add
The study posits that laughter operates through the logic of repetition, exposing incongruities and societal rigidities, thus serving as a form of polemic without requiring rational discourse.
What methodology was used to analyze laughter as a social phenomenon in marketing?add
The research employed a cultural studies approach, utilizing textual analysis of social media outputs surrounding corporate incidents to identify patterns and themes in consumer laughter.
When did insights about laughter's impact on culture and marketing emerge?add
Historical discussions on laughter date back to ancient philosophical texts, underscoring its complex role in social life and consumer culture, especially highlighted in contemporary digital interactions.
How does humor challenge traditional marketing narratives?add
The analysis illustrates that humor in online discourse disrupts dominant marketing narratives by amplifying critiques that reveal the absurdities within corporate messaging and consumer identity.