Economic interventions to ameliorate the impact of COVID-19 on the economy and health: an international comparison (original) (raw)

COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND THE ECONOMY: Impact, measures and the Post-Covid world

The COVID 19 pandemic has changed the order of human interactions and economic activity in the world. The pandemic caused by coronavirus is known of its quick transmission from person to person upon contact with a patient. Thus, no country has been spared from recording coronavirus cases. COVID 19 pandemic started as a public health crisis but led to real economy and financial crises depressing economic activity. This paper seeks to look at the economic impact of the pandemic and the measures taken against this pandemic as well as discuss the world after COVID 19 pandemic. The study finds that the pandemic caused shocks to both the supply and demand side of an economy causing a crisis like no other in world history. It affected consumption, businesses, government operations and international trade as economies experienced depressed economic activity through shutdowns. Against such, governments in different countries had to put in measures aimed at mitigating and minimising the effects of the pandemic on the economy. These measures involved the use of fiscal policy, monetary policy and trade policy tools which were unconventional in nature. The study also finds that the post-covid world will have changes in human interactions and the way the world operates. It finds that there will be, increased indebtedness in economies, changes in the patterns of trade, embracing of technology, increased public expenditure on public health, clean energy, increased inequality and improved roles of Civil Society Organisations in economies thereby creating a link between society and the central government.

COVID-19 and Economic Policy Options: What Should the Government do?

Jurnal Inovasi Ekonomi, 2020

The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) continues to grow rapidly from day to day in every part of the world and it is uncertain when this pandemic will decline. The world economy is experiencing a hard blow from COVID-19 both directly and indirectly, which is reflected in the many industrial sectors of many countries that have struggled to recover. This paper tries to map the economic impacts that are generally experienced by countries in the world affected by the pandemic, then formulates some recommendations related to the government's response in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic as an option in effort to minimize wider economic impacts. This paper can contribute to policymakers in every government in the world and provide action options in dealing with the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic.

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19: A DETERMINING FACTOR OF CURRENT GLOBAL ECONOMIC TRENDS

International Organizations and States’ Response to COVID-19, 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global economic developments and outline the tendencies to which it led. The research is based on the assumption that the virus is likely to be as contagious economically as it is medically contagious. Studying the world's leading economies (the US, the European Union and China) from the beginning to the end of 2020, two groups of consequences emerge. First, the introduction of restrictive measures at the start of the pandemic imposed social distancing and reduced the movement of people and goods, which in turn had a major effect on the collapse of the services' sector and the supply chains. Second, the exponential growth of infected people and the speed of the spread of the virus forced the world's leading economies to apply more restrictive measures in the form of national lockdowns, curfews, and quarantines, resulting in the total paralysis of the economy and a rapid decline in GDP. Desk research has been applied in the analysis, based on available external and internal sources. Data from national statistical institutes and international organizations have been used. The results clearly indicate that the adopted economic measures became a determining factor for the world's leading economies not to enter a great recession and laid the foundations of the global economic trends. The beginning of immunization of the population opens the way to an

Spillover of COVID-19: impact on the Global Economy

2020

How did a health crisis translate to an economic crisis? Why did the spread of the coronavirus bring the global economy to its knees? The answer lies in two methods by which coronavirus stifled economic activities. First, the spread of the virus encouraged social distancing which led to the shutdown of financial markets, corporate offices, businesses and events. Second, the exponential rate at which the virus was spreading, and the heightened uncertainty about how bad the situation could get, led to flight to safety in consumption and investment among consumers, investors and international trade partners. We focus on the period from the start of 2020 through March when the coronavirus began spreading into other countries and markets. We draw on real-world observations in assessing the restrictive measures, monetary policy measures, fiscal policy measures and the public health measures that were adopted during the period. We empirically examine the impact of social distancing policies on economic activities and stock market indices. The findings reveal that the increasing number of lockdown days, monetary policy decisions and international travel restrictions severely affected the level of economic activities and the closing, opening, lowest and highest stock price of major stock market indices. In contrast, the imposed restriction on internal movement and higher fiscal policy spending had a positive impact on the level of economic activities, although the increasing number of confirmed coronavirus cases did not have a significant effect on the level of economic activities.

Economic impact of COVID-19 across national boundaries: The role of government responses

Journal of International Business Studies

This Research Note provides an assessment of the burgeoning interdisciplinary literature surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on both individuals and firms, with a particular focus on the heterogeneity in government responses and their implications for international finance and IB research. In particular, we discuss disparities in vaccine distribution, government policy responses, and impacts in low-income versus high-income countries, as well as lessons learned from the pandemic. We describe an important source of data in this area and provide ideas for future research.

Global Evidence on the Economic Effects of Disease Suppression During COVID-19

Governments around the world attempted to suppress the spread of COVID-19 using restrictions on social and economic activity. This study presents the first global analysis of the welfare impacts of those policies, using Gallup World Poll data from 321,000 randomly selected adults in 117 countries. Using several measures of economic harm, impacted individuals experience a loss in subjective-well-being and are more likely to have low socio-economic status. A one-standard deviation increase in policy stringency predicts a 0.28 standard deviation increase in economic harm, corresponding to a three-percentage point increase in the share of workers experiencing job loss. These results are supported by robustness checks and validation exercises. A decomposition shows that stay-at-home orders and other economic restrictions were strongly associated with economic harm, but other non-pharmaceutical interventions were not. Furthermore, we show that adults with lower socio-economic status were ...

COVID-19 Economic Response and Recovery: A Rapid Scoping Review

International Journal of Health Services

This rapid scoping review of existing evidence and research gaps addressed the following question: what research evidence exists and what are the research gaps at global, regional, and national levels on interventions to protect jobs, small- and medium-sized enterprises, and formal/informal sector workers in socioeconomic response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic? The results are based on 79 publications deemed eligible for inclusion after the screening and prioritizing of 1,658 records. The findings are organized according to the 3 main categories of socioeconomic interventions—protecting jobs, enterprises, and workers—although the 3 are intertwined. Most results were derived from global-level gray literature with recommendations for interventions and implicit links to the sustainable development goals. Based on research gaps uncovered in the review, future implementation science research needs to focus on designing, implementing, evaluating, and scaling: effecti...

Economic policy towards the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic in selected European Union countries

International Entrepreneurship Review, 2020

The aim of the article was to investigate the impact of various policies to reduce the spread of epidemics on the functioning of key areas of the economy. Research Design & Methods: The study was constructed as an analysis of the development of epidemics in selected countries over time. Data was collected on the development of the epidemic, adopted models of fighting the epidemic, both in the area of restrictions and restrictions, as well as economic support measures. In order to find an answer to the question of which model of fighting the epidemic is the most effective, countries that used different methods of fighting were compared. The study used a quantitative method to present data on the scale of the epidemic crisis and also to present the economic crisis: the size of the unemployment rate, production volume in industry, and retail trade in the countries studied. A partial literature query, comparative method and case study method were also used. Findings: The study showed no clear links between parents counteracting the spread of the epidemic, accessible to infected and diseased people, and the economic economy. The observations presented in the article may constitute an introduction to further research on the policies applied during the epidemic. in order to present clear correlations and benchmark models, it would be necessary to obtain daily data for the individual indicators and conduct research over a longer period. Contribution & Value Added: This article as a whole compiles and analyses what actions were taken by national governments to limit the spread of the coronavirus epidemic. The article also describes how the economies of these countries responded to the actions taken. Article type: research article

World Economy: What Does the Road to Recovery from COVID-19 Look Like? Expert Survey on Worldwide Effects of the Pandemic

2020

The outbreak of COVID-19 has had a detrimental effect on global health care systems, with a ripple effect on every aspect of human life as we know it. On January 30, 2020 the World Health Organisation declared COVID-19 as a global emergency (WHO, 2020). In response, to “flatten the curve”, governments have enforced border shutdowns, travel restrictions, and general lockdowns with numerous social distancing measures such as closed schools, shops, services and, to a lesser extent, the manufacturing industry. This in turn led to an impending economic crisis and recession all around the globe. The IMF World Economic Outlook of June 2020 projects global growth at -4.9 percent in 2020 (IMF, 2020a).

Public Health Intervention Framework for Reviving Economy Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic (1): A Concept

Journal of Marketing Management and Consumer Behavior, 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has great adverse impacts on personal life, the U.S. economy, and the world economy. Freezing all human activities is not a sustainable measure. Thus we want to develop a public intervention framework that allows people to resume personal and economic activities. In this article, we examined transmission routes, disease severity, personal vulnerability, available treatments, and person-person interactions to establish a general public intervention framework. We divide people into risk groups, non-risk group and group that may serve as viral transmitters, explore interactions between individual persons within each group and between different groups, and propose interaction behavior modifications to mitigate viral exposures. For the non-risk groups, we identified preventive measures that can help them avoid the most serious exposures and infections that pose higher death risks. The invention measures for the vulnerable groups include prior-exposure mitigating measures, heightened protective measures, interaction behavior changes, post-exposure remedial measures, and multiple factors treatments to reduce death and disability risks. The multiple interventions and two-way defensive behavior modifications are expected to result in reduced rate of detectable infections and lowered disease severity for the vulnerable groups. In this framework, most human activities and economic activities can continue as normal. With time passing, the population acquires population immunity against the COVID-19 virus. Implementation of this intervention framework requires considerable resources and governmental effects while the multiple-factor treatment protocol requires the support of health care professionals.