Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence and the Berlin Model of Intelligence Structure (BIS) (original) (raw)
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Personality and Individual Differences, 2001
Fluid intelligence is often measured with ®gural tests, whereas crystallized intelligence is often assessed with verbal tests. It is argued that construct-irrelevant ®gural variance is included in¯uid intelligence and construct-irrelevant verbal variance is included in crystallized intelligence. The speci®cation of a content facet comprising verbal, numerical, and ®gural abilities for¯uid and crystallized intelligence would reduce the construct irrelevant variance. This faceted view of¯uid and crystallized abilities is regarded as more convincing than a purely hierarchical structure. Although the present approach is partly similar to Guttman's Radex model, no radial partitioning of the tasks is expected. Seven hundred and six German participants aged between 14 and 50 years were tested with the I-S-T 2000, a test comprising verbal, numerical, and ®gural reasoning tasks, as well as verbal, numerical, and ®gural knowledge tests. In smallest space analysis, a simplex for¯uid and crystallized intelligence emerged as well as a radial or a polar facet for verbal, numerical, and ®gural content. The faceted structure for¯uid and crystallized intelligence was also shown in con®rmatory factor analysis and ®tted the data more completely than the hierarchical model. The implications for the conceptualization and the assessment of¯uid and crystallized intelligence are discussed. #
The structure of human intelligence
In a heterogeneous sample of 436 adult individuals who completed 42 mental ability tests, we evaluated the relative statistical performance of three major psychometric models of human intelligence-the Cattell-Horn fluidcrystallized model, Vernon's verbal-perceptual model, and Carroll's three-strata model. The verbal-perceptual model fit significantly better than the other two. We improved it by adding memory and higher-order image rotation factors. The results provide evidence for a four-stratum model with a g factor and three third-stratum factors. The model is consistent with the idea of coordination of function across brain regions and with the known importance of brain laterality in intellectual performance. We argue that this model is theoretically superior to the fluid-crystallized model and highlight the importance of image rotation in human intellectual function. D ). Much has been written about psychometric models of the structure of human intelligence, and they are routinely used as underlying assumptions in designing psychological research studies and for developing assessment tools. Surprisingly, however, the most well-established models have been subject to almost no empirical scrutiny in the form of assessment of comparative performance using modern confirmatory factor analytic techniques. In particular, Carroll's (1993) thorough and methodical exploratory analysis of more than 460 data sets of mental ability tests did not address this issue, a point he acknowledged in his final (2003, p. 12) publication, noting that his methodology bsuffered from a lack of adequate procedures for establishing the statistical significance of findingsQ. This is an important omission, as the objective evaluation of these models and the theories that generated them should result in more powerful theories, thereby making better use of monetary and intellectual resources and avoiding conceptual dead ends. The purpose of this study was to correct this omission, in the process using confirmatory factor analysis as a form of bstrong inferenceQ .
Intelligence, 2005
In a heterogeneous sample of 436 adult individuals who completed 42 mental ability tests, we evaluated the relative statistical performance of three major psychometric models of human intelligence-the Cattell-Horn fluidcrystallized model, Vernon's verbal-perceptual model, and Carroll's three-strata model. The verbal-perceptual model fit significantly better than the other two. We improved it by adding memory and higher-order image rotation factors. The results provide evidence for a four-stratum model with a g factor and three third-stratum factors. The model is consistent with the idea of coordination of function across brain regions and with the known importance of brain laterality in intellectual performance. We argue that this model is theoretically superior to the fluid-crystallized model and highlight the importance of image rotation in human intellectual function. D ). Much has been written about psychometric models of the structure of human intelligence, and they are routinely used as underlying assumptions in designing psychological research studies and for developing assessment tools. Surprisingly, however, the most well-established models have been subject to almost no empirical scrutiny in the form of assessment of comparative performance using modern confirmatory factor analytic techniques. In particular, Carroll's (1993) thorough and methodical exploratory analysis of more than 460 data sets of mental ability tests did not address this issue, a point he acknowledged in his final (2003, p. 12) publication, noting that his methodology bsuffered from a lack of adequate procedures for establishing the statistical significance of findingsQ. This is an important omission, as the objective evaluation of these models and the theories that generated them should result in more powerful theories, thereby making better use of monetary and intellectual resources and avoiding conceptual dead ends. The purpose of this study was to correct this omission, in the process using confirmatory factor analysis as a form of bstrong inferenceQ .
Fluid Intelligence, Crystallized Intelligence, and the Openness/Intellect Factor
Journal of Research in Personality, 2000
We investigated the relations of the Big Five personality factor of Intellect or Openness to Experience with the crystallized and fluid aspects of measured intelligence. Approximately 500 participants completed the Personality Research Form (PRF) and the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB). An Openness/Intellect scale, defined as the sum of four PRF scales known to be markers of the Openness/ Intellect factor (Understanding, Sentience, Change, and Autonomy), was substantially correlated with MAB subtests that assess crystallized knowledge (the Verbal Scale subtests except Arithmetic), but only weakly correlated with MAB subtests that assess fluid ability (the Performance Scale subtests and Arithmetic). Among the fluid ability subtests, those containing pictures or meaningful visual stimuli were somewhat correlated with Openness/Intellect, whereas those containing numbers or abstract shapes were virtually uncorrelated with Openness/Intellect.
Personality and Individual Differences, 2011
We investigated the influence of the position effect on the relationship between fluid intelligence and general intelligence. The position effect reflects the dependency of responses to items on the position of the items and, therefore, is a possible bias in measurement. A special confirmatory factor model enables the subdivision of the true component of a fluid intelligence measure into ability-specific and position-specific parts. Both parts of the measure of fluid intelligence are related to general intelligence in the framework of a hierarchical model. In a sample of 203 participants the ability-specific part that may be considered as purified fluid intelligence showed an almost perfect relationship to general intelligence. Although the position-specific part also correlated with general intelligence, this correlation was remarkably smaller than the correlation for purified fluid intelligence.
SECULAR GAINS IN FLUID INTELLIGENCE: EVIDENCE FROM THE CULTURE-FAIR INTELLIGENCE TEST
Journal of Biosocial Science, 2003
There is no doubt about the reality of the secular increase in cognitive test scores. However, there is disagreement about a key issue: does the observed increase reflect a genuine upward trend in intelligence? Evidence from the Raven test is clear, although there are some doubts about its adequacy as a fine-grained measure of fluid intelligence. Evidence from the so-called 'method of correlated vectors' is much less clear. When a crystallized battery is considered, the results leave little doubt: the increase does not reflect gains in general intelligence. However, when a fluid battery is analysed, the increase does reflect gains in general intelligence. The present study uses one of the best available measures of fluid intelligence (the Culture-Fair intelligence test) to provide new evidence for the secular increase in fluid intelligence, beyond the findings from the Raven test and the method of correlated vectors. A total of 4498 Spanish high school students and high school graduates were tested within a time interval of 20 and 23 years, respectively. The results show that there is a clear upward trend in intelligence. Moreover, students show an average increase equivalent to 6 IQ points, while graduates show an average increase of 4 IQ points. Therefore, more selected people (graduates) show a smaller increase than less selected people (students). Some implications are discussed.
Intelligence, 2008
According to Investment theory individual differences in acquisition of knowledge and skills are partly the result of investment of Fluid Intelligence (Gf) in learning situations demanding insights in complex relations. If this theory holds true Gf will be a factor of General Intelligence (g) because it is involved in all domains of learning. The purpose of the current study was to test the Investment theory, through investigating effects on the relation between Gf and g of differential learning opportunities for different subsets of a population. A second-order model was fitted with confirmatory factor analysis to a battery of 17 tests hypothesized to measure four broad cognitive abilities The model was estimated for three groups with different learning opportunities (N = 2358 Swedes, N = 620 European immigrants, N = 591 non-European immigrants), as well as for the total group. For this group the g-Gf relationship was 0.83, while it was close to unity within each of the three subgroups. These results support the Investment theory.
Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology …, 1991
Reviews research concerning biologically based intelligence. The relationship between elementary cognitive measurements considered as indexes of information-processing speed and psychometric intelligence is discussed. Certain results are discussed, including measurements of averaged evoked potentials, of basic information processing parameters, of reaction time (RT), and of inspection time. The underlying models are described, and the weakness of certain correlations is explained. Caution is advised in advancing a causal relationship between information-processing speed and intellectual competence. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The C-Test: An Integrative Measure of Crystallized Intelligence
Journal of Intelligence, 2015
Crystallized intelligence is a pivotal broad ability factor in the major theories of intelligence including the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model, the three-stratum model, and the extended Gf-Gc (fluid intelligence-crystallized intelligence) model and is usually measured by means of vocabulary tests and other verbal tasks. In this paper the C-Test, a text completion test originally proposed as a test of general proficiency in a foreign language, is introduced as an integrative measure of crystallized intelligence. Based on the existing evidence in the literature, it is argued that the construct underlying the C-Test closely matches the abilities underlying the language component of crystallized intelligence, as defined in the well-established theories of intelligence. It is also suggested that by carefully selecting texts from pertinent knowledge domains, the factual knowledge component of crystallized intelligence could also be measured by the C-Test.
The C-Test: An Integrative Measure of Crystallized Intelligence 5 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS
Crystallized intelligence is a pivotal broad ability factor in the major theories of intelligence including the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model, the three-stratum model, and the extended Gf-Gc (fluid intelligence-crystallized intelligence) model and is usually measured by means of vocabulary tests and other verbal tasks. In this paper the C-Test, a text completion test originally proposed as a test of general proficiency in a foreign language, is introduced as an integrative measure of crystallized intelligence. Based on the existing evidence in the literature, it is argued that the construct underlying the C-Test closely matches the abilities underlying the language component of crystallized intelligence, as defined in the well-established theories of intelligence. It is also suggested that by carefully selecting texts from pertinent knowledge domains, the factual knowledge component of crystallized intelligence could also be measured by the C-Test.