Tobacco and alcohol: the relation to pulmonary tuberculosis in household contacts (original) (raw)
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Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 2012
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is transmitted by aerosolized droplets nuclei. Home is the vulnerable place for transmission of this disease to its contacts. Risk factors associated with this contact transmission may differ according to locality. This study aims to determine the prevalence of household contact (HC) PTB and examine the risk factors contributing to it. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HC TB among HCs aged >5 years in Dharan. During the study period (June 2009 -May 2010), 184 index cases with sputum smear positive for AFB and their 802 HCs were included. Three sputum specimens were collected from each HCs and examined microscopically for AFB detection. The prevalence of HC TB was found to be 1.6%. The result was statistically associated (P<0.05) with illiterate HCs (OR= 5.77, 95%CI=1.52-21.81), close proximity with ICs (OR=3.07, 95%CI= 1.02-9.25), primary relatives to ICs (OR= 4.85, and slum dweller (OR = 4.56, 95%CI = 1. 25-16.71). Similarly, AFB positivity was associated (P<0.05) with household crowding (OR = 7.46, 95%CI = 2.36-23.49), room size ≤10x10feet (OR=4.05, 95%CI =1.23-13.25), fi rewood user while cooking (OR=5.96,). The prevalence of HCs tuberculosis is found to be 1.6%. Poverty, illiteracy, overcrowding, close proximity, close relation with ICs, fi rewood while cooking, slum dweller, are major factors highlighted by this study as risk factors of contact TB. Our results recommend a much better contact tracing and treatment program.
Background: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity across all age groups throughout the world, especially in developing countries. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, we have included 432 open index cases with their 1608 household contacts in a prospective cohort study conducted from May 2007 to March 2009. The follow-up period was 2 years. All Index cases were diagnosed on the basis of suggestive signs and symptoms and sputum being AFB positive. Among the 432 index patients, 250 (57.9%) were males and 182 (42.1%) females; with mean age of 34614.4 yr and 26611.1 yr, respectively. Out of 1608 household contacts, 866 (53.9%) were males and 742 (46.1%) females; with mean age of 26.5615.8 and 26.5616.0 yr, respectively. Of the total 432 households, 304 (70.4%) had #4 members and 128 (29.6%) had $5 members.
Household Contact Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis In Wonogiri District, Central Java Province, Indonesia
Pulmonary tuberculosis (pulmonary TB) is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis which remains high (74.52%) in Central Java, Indonesia. Smear-positive pulmonary TB cases in Wonogiri district in 2012 have increased (48.4%). Prevention activities to break the chain of transmission are by knowing the factors, especially in the sphere nearest the patient's family. The purpose of this study is to analyze the history of household contact with pulmonary TB incidence in Wonogiri district. It is observational analytic study with case-control study design. Sample cases were all patients with smear-positive pulmonary TB who had a history of contact in Wonogiri district. Control samples were all people with smear-negative pulmonary TB who had a history of contact in Wonogiri. The total samples were 136 respondents. Statistical analysis showed that the variables associated with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis were prolonged contact (OR=3.975, 95%CI=1.887-8.375), working outside the home (OR=2.496, 95%CI=1.243-5.001), history of sharing a room (OR=8.816, 95%CI=3.767- 20.681), the closeness of the family relationship status (OR=2.908,95% CI=1.173-7.212), preventive behavior (OR=26.5,95%CI=10.412-67.449). It is important to perform case detection rate from household contacts every month. For patients who have a history of TB contact need to improve health behaviors for the prevention of pulmonary TB.
Tobacco smoking-associated risk for tuberculosis: a case-control study
International Health, 2010
Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) is often ignored. This study was carried out to study tobacco smoking-associated risk for tuberculosis. Ninety-five patients with TB, admitted in the Himalayan Institute Hospital, Dehradun, India and 190 controls were randomly selected and questioned regarding their smoking status and type, quantity and duration of tobacco used.Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) was present
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2017
Tobacco use is a major risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). Secondhand smoke (SHS) is also a risk factor for TB and to a lesser extent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection without disease. We investigated the added risk of M. tuberculosis infection due to SHS exposure in childhood contacts of TB cases in The Gambia. Participants were childhood household contacts aged ≤ 14 years of newly diagnosed pulmonary TB (PTB) cases. The intensity of exposure to the case was categorized according to whether contacts slept in the same room, same house, or a different house as the case. Contacts were tested with an enzyme-linked immunospot interferon gamma release assay. In multivariate regression models, M. tuberculosis infection was associated with increasing exposure to a case (odds ratios [OR]: 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.11-71.4, P < 0.001]) and with male gender (OR: 1.5 [95% CI: 1.12-2.11], P = 0.008). Tobacco use caused a 3-fold increase in the odds of M. tuberculosis infection ...
A case-control study of tobacco smoking and tuberculosis in India
Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 2009
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the role of smoking as a risk factor for the development of pulmonary tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 111 sputum smear-positive patients of pulmonary tuberculosis and 333 controls matched for age and sex were interviewed according to a predesigned questionnaire. RESULTS: The adjusted odd ratio of the association between tobacco smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis was 3.8 (95% confi dence interval, 2.0 to 7.0; P value, <.0001). A positive relationship between pack years, body mass index and socioeconomic class was also observed. CONCLUSION: There is a positive association between tobacco smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis.
Background: Associations between smoking and tuberculosis disease including death from tuberculosis have been reported, but there are few reports on the influence of smoking on the risk of developing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The aim of this study was to determine the association between smoking and M tuberculosis infection. Methods: In a cross sectional population survey, data on smoking and tuberculin skin test (TST) results of 2401 adults aged >15 years were compared. Results: A total of 1832 (76%) subjects had a positive TST (>10 mm induration). Of 1309 current smokers or ex-smokers, 1070 (82%) had a positive TST. This was significantly higher than for never smokers (unadjusted OR 1.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.62 to 2.45). A positive relationship with pack-years was observed, with those smoking more than 15 pack-years having the highest risk (adjusted OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.81). Conclusion: Smoking may increase the risk of M tuberculosis infection.
Assessing Tuberculosis among Smokers: Secondary Analysis of an Active Case Finding Project
Journal of Tuberculosis Research, 2019
Background: Previous case-control studies and a small number of cohort studies in high-risk populations have found an association between smoking and tuberculosis, but limited studies are available in the general population that predicts association of smoking and TB. Objectives: To investigate the association between smoking and tuberculosis in a cohort of a general population. Methods: Four districts of Punjab province (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad and Islamabad) were randomly selected. In routine, household contact investigation is practiced by the National TB Control Programme. For two years from July 2013-June 2015, all people who were living within 50 metres from the household of smear positive TB patients were screened for tuberculosis. Those found presumptive TB were investigated through smear microscopy and those found smear negative; the Xpert MTB/RIF test was done. All the diagnosed TB patients were referred to nearest basic health unit for further treatment and care. Results: A total of 783,043 contacts were screened for tuberculosis, of whom 19,815 (2.53%) were smokers. Smoking was common among men, in diabetic & teenage, elderly age population and in household contact of smear positive TB patients. Smoking was associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis (odds ratio [OR], 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 2.27-2.60) in household contact of smear positive TB patients. The association was stronger among those greater than 45 years of age (OR, 11.09) than those between 25-44 years of age (OR, 5.83) and diabetic persons (OR, 2.0). Conclusions: Smoking was associated with a twofold increased risk of active tuberculosis in a cohort of general population.
Objective of the study was to assess the effect of smoking, passive smoking and socioeconomic status on the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) This is a Descriptive cross sectional study, which was conducted at DHQ hospital Faisalabad in May, 2012. Thirty patients of tuberculosis from DHQ hospital were included in the study by filling of questionnaire. Out of these, 70% were smokers and 20% were passive smokers and only 10% were non-smokers. Most of the smokers had been smoking for more than 10 years. 70% of the patients were belonging to low socioeconomic status. 23.33% had a view that smoking is a causative factor in their TB and 76.66% were against it. In conclusion, exposure to tobacco smoke, either active or passive, was associated with an increased risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis immediately following infection. This is an association of great concern requiring health education programs and anti-tobacco medical advice.
Iranian journal of medical sciences, 2015
One of the recommended strategies for preventing tuberculosis is to screen high-risk populations with respect to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate latent infection and active tuberculosis in people with close household contact. It was a cross-sectional descriptive, analytical study with the sample size of 668 people from homes with one infected resident. In order to diagnose tuberculosis latent infection, the PPD test was done. To determine patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, three sputum samples were taken from every patient and were examined using direct microscopy and culture. Data was analyzed by SPSS20 software. The prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were 42.8% and 0.9% respectively. The prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in people with close household contact were less than that of other studies. However...