Why and How Culture Matters in Community Interorganizational Structure (original) (raw)
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Boudourides, Why and how culture matters in community interorganizational structure
2017
Our aim here is to plead for the significance of cultural considerations of overlapping inter—attitudinal patterns right next to well established structural considerations of interorganizational networks based on overlapping membership patterns. In particular, we examine how the analytic methodological incorporation of cultural attributes or attitudes might enhance our understanding of structural community categorizations in interorganizational networks. For this purpose, we analyze data of the International Peace Protest Survey (IPPS) on the world—wide peace protests of February, 15, 2003, in or- der to manifest the added value offered by the consideration of the culture- structure duality in participation studies.
Communities in Affiliation Networks with Attitudunal Actors
ArXiv, 2012
Our aim here is to plead for the significance of cultural considerations of overlapping inter-attitudinal patterns right next to well established structural considerations of interorganizational networks based on overlapping membership patterns. In particular, we examine how the analytical sociological methodological incorporation of cultural attributes or attitudes might enhance our understanding of structural community categorizations in interorganizational networks. For this purpose, we analyze data of the International Peace Protest Survey (IPPS) on the world-wide peace protests of February, 15, 2003, in order to manifest the added value offered by the consideration of the culture-structure duality in participation studies.
International Interactions, 2008
Why are states jointly members in certain intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) but not others? Despite the proliferation of IGOs and renewed interest in this topic, we lack systematic research to answer this question. Our theory of political community explains why dyads of states are likely to be common members in particular types of IGOs. We analyze and compare functionalist and Deutschian communitarian perspectives about IGO memberships. We test our theory using newly available data on IGO mandates and institutional structure, which allows us to make specific predictions about the types of IGO to which dyads become members. We show that dyads that are economically dependent and/or democratic and enjoying enduring peace are more likely join those IGOs that possess high levels of institutional structure. Militarized interstate conflicts reduce the likelihood of states sharing membership in common IGO, but not substantially, whereas development and alliances also increase IGO memberships between states. Trade ties, however, are the most important determinant of joint membership between states in the most institutionalized IGOs, which is congruent with security communities.
Multiplex communities and the emergence of international conflict
PLOS ONE
Advances in community detection reveal new insights into multiplex and multilayer networks. Less work, however, investigates the relationship between these communities and outcomes in social systems. We leverage these advances to shed light on the relationship between the cooperative mesostructure of the international system and the onset of interstate conflict. We detect communities based upon weaker signals of affinity expressed in United Nations votes and speeches, as well as stronger signals observed across multiple layers of bilateral cooperation. Communities of diplomatic affinity display an expected negative relationship with conflict onset. Ties in communities based upon observed cooperation, however, display no effect under a standard model specification and a positive relationship with conflict under an alternative specification. These results align with some extant hypotheses but also point to a paucity in our understanding of the relationship between community structure and behavioral outcomes in networks.
A growing body of research demonstrates powerful effects of international organizations on national policy, and the literature on international conflict is increasingly adopting a network perspective on international organizations, but we still know little about the network structure of the world polity itself. This is surprising in light of the theoretical implications of world polity theory, world systems theory, and the world civilizations approach to the structure of the world polity. Using data on a set of prominent intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), along with a comparison to the complete population of IGOs, this study examines the world polity as a network structured by symbolic and material conflict. Network analysis reveals a contradictory duality in the structure of the world polity: while states are densely interconnected through international organizations , these international organizations are only sparsely interconnected. Contrary to world polity theory, world system position and world civilization predict position in the world polity. These results show that, in neglecting the network structure of the world polity, previous research has underestimated the extent of structural inequality in the world polity. Because embeddedness in the world polity has such powerful effects on state policies, international trade, and international conflict, the centralization and fragmentation of the world polity may have disintegrative implications for world politics. The global network of states and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), which comprises a central part of the world polity , is shifting the balance of sovereignty among national and global actors, and as such represents a central public concern and social issue (Goldman
Organizational Structure and Interorganizational Dynamics
1967
The models of pluralistic societies described by deTocqueville and more recently by Kornhauser underscore the importance of autonomous and competing organizations for viable democratic processes. 4 Such theoretical models assume that the processes of conflict as well as cooperation inhere in social reality. Recent American social theory has been criticized for its excessive emphasis on a static view of social processes and for failing to include conflict in its conceptual models.5 The study of interorganizational relationships appears to be one area which can appropriately incorporate both the processes of conflict and cooperation.
The Regionalization of Intergovernmental Organization Networks: A Non-Linear Process.
We use a computationally intensive approach to explore how the world polity is becoming more frac- tured along regional lines. We discover that regionalization is a non-linear process and show that the world polity oscillates between fracturing and re-contracting. We do so by applying the technique of Hierarchical Link Clustering (HLC) to yearly intergovernmental organization (IGO) networks from 1971 to 2005. The mechanism for explaining this seemingly contradictory result lies in the behavior of IGOs, which depends largely on the organizations’ geographic focus: regionally focused IGOs create more com- munities, thereby fracturing the world polity, while globally focused IGOs create relationships across communities, thereby bringing communities together. Every year, different percentages of global and regional IGOs enter the network, thereby producing oscillations in the overall structure.
ANALYZING INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR NATIONAL BUSINESS SYSTEMS
European Societies, 2009
Founded in 1963 by two prominent Austrians living in exile -the sociologist Paul F. Lazarsfeld and the economist Oskar Morgenstern -with the financial support from the Ford Foundation, the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, and the City of Vienna, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS) is the first institution for postgraduate education and research in economics and the social sciences in Austria. The Sociological Series presents research done at the Department of Sociology and aims to share "work in progress" in a timely way before formal publication. As usual, authors bear full responsibility for the content of their contributions. Das Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS) wurde im Jahr 1963 von zwei prominenten Exilösterreicherndem Soziologen Paul F. Lazarsfeld und dem Ökonomen Oskar Morgenstern -mit Hilfe der Ford-Stiftung, des Österreichischen Bundesministeriums für Unterricht und der Stadt Wien gegründet und ist somit die erste nachuniversitäre Lehr-und Forschungsstätte für die Sozial-und Wirtschaftswissenschaften in Österreich. Die Reihe Soziologie bietet Einblick in die Forschungsarbeit der Abteilung für Soziologie und verfolgt das Ziel, abteilungsinterne Diskussionsbeiträge einer breiteren fachinternen Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. Die inhaltliche Verantwortung für die veröffentlichten Beiträge liegt bei den Autoren und Autorinnen. Abstract This paper suggests a cross-country comparative framework of inter-organizational relationships and organizational performance. It connects three different bodies of literature, dealing with three different issues: the role of (a) socio-organizational factors in relationships across organizational boundaries; (b) legal contractual arrangements, human capital features, and information and communication technologies as control and coordination mechanisms; and (c) convergence versus divergence of cultural and institutional patterns of national business systems. The argument is illustrated by reference to Germany, Great Britain, Ireland and the Netherlands. In so doing, the effects of population size (large for Germany and Great Britain vis-à-vis small for Ireland and the Netherlands) and governance regime (Anglo-Saxon in Great Britain and Ireland vis-à-vis continental-European in Germany and the Netherlands) are argued to play a central role in determining the nature of interorganizational relationships. Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit präsentiert einen theoretischen Bezugsrahmen für die vergleichende Analyse der Qualität von inter-organisationalen Beziehungen. Dabei werden 3 verschiedene Literaturen, die sich mit verschiedenen Fragen beschäftigen, miteinander verknüpft: (a) die Arbeiten, welche die sozio-organisationalen Faktoren untersuchen, die insbesondere für Organisationsgrenzen überschreitende Beziehungen wichtig sind; (b) der Themenkomplex in der Literatur, der die rechtlichen und vertraglichen Vorkehrungen, das verfügbare Humankapital und den Gebrauch von Informmations-und Kommunikationstechnologien im Hinblick auf deren Koordinations-und Steuerungsfunktionen in den Blick nimmt; und (c) die Diskussion über die Tendenzen zur Konvergenz und Divergenz von kulturellen und institutionellen Ordnungsmustern in nationalen Wirtschaftssystemen. Der theoretische Bezugsrahmen, den dieser Beitrag entwickelt, wird am Beispiel von Deutschland, Großbritannien, Irland und den Niederlanden illustriert. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, daß die Größe der Volkswirtschaft und das Regulationsregime (angel-sächsisches versus kontinental-europäisches Modell) eine zentrale Rolle in Bezug auf die Qualität der Beziehungen zwischen Unternehmen spielt.
Inter-Organizationalism in International Relations: A Multilevel Framework of Analysis
Rafael Biermann and Joachim A. Koops (eds.) (2016) Palgrave Handbook of Inter-Organizational Relations in World Politics
This chapter argues that Inter-organizational relations (IOR) should be understood and analysed as a multi-level phenomenon involving a variety of different actors and players at different levels of analysis. Processes, dynamics and outcomes of inter-organizational interaction occur and unfold during various moments of the inter-organizational life-cycle and can be significantly influenced by powerful member states, individual leaders as well as bureaucratic and inter-institutional dynamics. Hence, for students, researchers and practitioners of inter-organizational relations it is of prime importance to be aware of the different impact each level can have and how these levels interact in the wider context of cooperation or rivalry between organizations. This chapter provides a multi-level framework for analysing IORs. Section 1 introduces the multi-level analysis framework more generally and explains how it can be applied to the assessment of various aspects of IORs. Thereafter, section 2 outlines in more detail the different levels (international system, member state, individual, bureaucratic and inter-institutional/inter-secretariat) and their significance for understanding, describing and explaining material, ideational as well as impact-related aspects of inter-organizational relations. Finally, Section 3 offers some overall conclusions and suggestions for future research.
Power Positions: International Organizations, Social Networks, and Conflict
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2006
A growing number of international relations scholars argue that intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) promote peace. Existing approaches emphasize IGO membership as an important causal attribute of individual states, much like economic development and regime type. The authors draw up on social network analysis, arguing that conflicts between states are also shaped by relative positions of social power created by IGO memberships and characterized by significant disparity. Membership partitions states into structurally equivalent clusters and establishes hierarchies of prestige in the international system. These relative positions promote common beliefs and alter the distribution of social power, making certain policy strategies more practical or rational. The authors introduce new IGO relational data and explore the empirical merits of their approach during the period from 1885 to 1992. They demonstrate that conflict is increased by the presence of many other states in structurally equivalent clusters, while large prestige disparities and in-group favoritism decrease it.