In vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities of extracts from the stem barks of Berlinia confusa (C. Hoyle) and identification of its active constituents (original) (raw)
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Antifeedant and Phytotoxic Activity of Cacalolides and Eremophilanolides
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Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2015
Gastrointestinal parasitoses have high rates of morbidity and mortality. Each year about 3.5 billion people are affected by these diseases and 65,000 of them die, mostly in developing countries due to lack of basic sanitation, malnutrition, and poor access to medication. Thus, they constitute an important public health problem due to causing direct health problems related to lack of piped water, absence of sewage system, and lack of orientation. Objectives: Two in vitro assays were performed to evaluate the larvicidal and/or ovicidal activity of ethanol extracts obtained from the plants Euterpe edulis, Mikania laevigata, and Mikania glomerata on the gastrointestinal nematodes Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum. Materials and Methods: In the first assay (A), T. canis eggs were exposed to three different concentrations (0.1 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL) of each extract, three different concentrations of albendazole (positive control), ethanol (solvent), and a negative control (no treatment), for 15 days at 26°C, under the shelter of light in order to evaluate the percentage of embryonated eggs in the presence of these extracts. In the second assay (B), the larvicidal activities of the species studied were evaluated in the different extract concentrations (0.1 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL), control, and solvent (ethanol), in coprocultures positive for A. caninum eggs. Results: In assay A, the results demonstrated inhibitory embryogenesis activity on T. canis eggs; however, no difference (P > 0.01) was found between the activities of the extracts. In the control group, there was a difference (P < 0.01) in relation to the tested extracts, in which this difference was not concentration-dependent. In assay B, all extracts showed inhibitory (P > 0.01) hatchability activity of A. caninum eggs in the control group. Conclusions: Through these results, the applicability of the used extracts in the control of eggs and/or larvae of T. canis and A. caninum is suggested. However, it is worth mentioning that further studies should be performed with the species E. edulis, M. glomerata and M. laevigata, using different extracts, new concentrations, and in vivo studies, in order to ensure further clarification on the agents responsible for the observed effects, degree of efficacy, and toxicity.
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Nacobbus aberrans ranks among the “top ten” plant-parasitic nematodes of phytosanitary importance. It causes significant losses in commercial interest crops in America and is a potential risk in the European Union. The nematicidal and phytotoxic activities of seven plant extracts against N. aberrans and Solanum lycopersicum were evaluated in vitro, respectively. The chemical nature of three nematicidal extracts (EC50,48h ≤ 113 µg mL−1) was studied through NMR analysis. Plant extracts showed nematicidal activity on second-stage juveniles (J2): (≥87%) at 1000 µg mL−1 after 72 h, and their EC50 values were 71.4–468.1 and 31.5–299.8 µg mL−1 after 24 and 48 h, respectively. Extracts with the best nematicidal potential (EC50,48h < 113 µg mL−1) were those from Adenophyllum aurantium, Alloispermum integrifolium, and Tournefortia densiflora, which inhibited L. esculentum seed growth by 100% at 20 µg mL−1. Stigmasterol (1), β-sitosterol (2), and α-terthienyl (3) were identified from A. aur...
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Pharmaceutical Biology, 2009
Synthetic nematicides have been used broadly in past decades for the control of plant parasitic nematodes. Despite their relevant effectiveness, these compounds can cause great damage to the environment, and have a relevant impact on human and animal health. The growing search for new nematicides, particularly natural ones, may lead to higher safety and efficiency in nematode control. In this work, the in vitro nematocidal effect of ethanol extracts obtained from the following plant species was evaluated: Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray; Ecilpta alba (L.) Hassk; Mikania glomerata Sprengel (Asteraceae); Tabernaemontana catharinensis A. DC; Mandevilla velutina (Mart.) Woodson (Apocynaceae); Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae); Zeyheria montana Mart. (Bignoniaceae); Lippia alba (Mill.) (Verbenaceae); Croton antisyphiliticus Mart. (Euphorbiaceae) and Serjania erecta Radlk. (Sapindaceae). The plant parasitic nematodes Pratylenchus zeae (Graham) (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) and Pratylenchus jaehni (Inserra) (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) were used for tests. Moreover, a preliminary phytochemical characterization of these plant extracts was performed in order to associate these data with those observed in nematocidal assays. Our results indicated a significant nematocidal activity of the analyzed extracts, especially those demonstrated by E. alba (DL 50 (ppm) = 304.08; 55.32 -P. zeae and DL 50 (ppm) =>1000; 212.82 -P. jaehni; 12 and 24 h, respectively), T. catharinensis (DL 50 (ppm) = 215.26; 60.04 -P. zeae and DL 50 (ppm) = 825.44; 376.60 -P. jaehni; 12 and 24 h, respectively), C. sylvestris (DL 50 (ppm) = 198.05; 56.94 -P. zeae and DL 50 (ppm) = 747.98; 322.98 -P. jaehni; 12 and 24 h, respectively), Z. montana (DL 50 (ppm) = 166.43; 34.08 -P. zeae and DL 50 (ppm) =>1000; 427.34 -P. jaehni; 12 and 24 h, respectively) and S. erecta (DL 50 (ppm) = 178.74; 74.12 -P. zeae e DL 50 (ppm) = 689.24;
Trichomonicidal activity of Maytenus imbricata (Celastraceae)
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2014
Trichomoniasis, most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide, is produced by protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. The therapy of choice is metronidazole (MTZ). The drug has undesirable side effects, which may result in treatment discontinuation, leading to further spread of infection and emergence of resistant strains. This feature highlights the importance of studying new trichomonicidal substances. In this context, the importance of plants in relation to the research of new drugs is undeniable. The genus Maytenus, distributed throughout Brazil, is the largest of family Celastraceae, including about 80 recognized species with different biological activities. Therefore, the trichomonicidal activity of MTZ and extracts obtained from Maytenus robusta leaves and Maytenus imbricata roots on the JT strain of T. vaginalis, sensitive (JT) and resistant (JTR) to MTZ was investigated. Sample of T. vaginalis trophozoites were associated with extracts in 6 increasing concentrations ranging from 0.43 to 13.76 μg/ml. The solid that precipitated from the hexane/ethyl ether-1:1 extract (SEH), obtained from M. imbricata roots proved to be active. This extract also impacted the viability of trophozoites of both strains, with IC 50 value surprisingly low (1.09 µg/ml for JT and 1.57 µg/ml for JTR) signaling towards a promising candidate for phytotherapy or for isolation of substance with trichomonicidal activity.
Journal of Pest Science, 2014
Plant-based products, namely essential oils (EOs), are environmentally friendly alternatives for the control of disease vectors, hosts and/or parasites. Here, we studied the general toxicity and biopesticidal potential of EOs and phenylpropanoids from Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare (bitter fennel), a perennial plant well adapted to temperate climates. EO/compound toxicity was tested against a freshwater snail and potential intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica (Radix peregra), a mosquito and former European malaria vector (Anopheles atroparvus) and one of the most damaging plant-parasitic nematodes, the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica). Lethal concentrations (LC 50 ; LC 90) of EOs (infrutescences/stems with leaves) and compounds were calculated by probit analysis. All displayed noteworthy activity against R. peregra adults (LC 50 21-39 lg ml-1) and A. atroparvus larvae (LC 50 16-56 lg ml-1). trans-Anethole revealed acute nematicidal activity after 24 and 48 h (LC 50 310 and 249 lg ml-1 , respectively), and estragole (1,000 lg ml-1) showed some effectiveness against M. javanica hatching and juveniles after 15 days. Plant and EO yields were determined to evaluate the bitter fennel productivity. The chemical composition of the EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. EOs extracted from whole plants, infrutescences and stems with leaves were characterized by estragoledominant profiles (28-65 %), considerable amounts of phellandrene (10-34 %) and fenchone (6-16 %), and minor trans-anethole contents (1-4 %). Although additional toxicological studies against nontarget organisms are required, our study demonstrates that bitter fennel is a productive source of molluscicides and larvicides, and thus a potential sustainable biological agent to control particular host species, namely freshwater snails and mosquitoes.
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Eichhornia crassipes were evaluated in order to investigate the insecticidal activity towards Aphis craccivora adults. The LC50 values were promising and reflected the bio-efficacy of the tested extracts (39 and 42 mg/L), respectively, and reduced the fecundity markedly. Using GC/MS analysis, the major components were n-hexadecanoic, linolenic, hexadecenoic, myristic, stearic acids, linolelaidic acid, methyl ester and some terpenoids, alkaloids, and hydrocarbons. A safety assessment of non-target organisms is essential for the development of new pesticides. In order to guide the rational use of the most potential insecticidal extracts AcF and EtF, the effect of these extracts on body weight, hematological indices, biochemical indicators, and histopathology of some relevant organs of albino rats (as a model for mammals) was investigated. The research outcomes revealed that the LC50 of AcF and EtF extracts had gradually raised body weight for 14 days (p > 0.05). Similarly, there we...
Journal of Helminthology, 2012
The present study was carried out to evaluate the anthelmintic activities of crude aqueous and methanol extracts of leaves of Myrsine Africana, Rhus glabrous, Jasminum abysinicum, Rhus vulgaris, Acokanthera schimperi and aerial parts of Foenicum vulgare on nematode parasite, Heamonchus contortus. For this purpose, Egg Hatch Test (EHT) and Larval Development Test (LDT) were conducted on nematodes ova to investigate the in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal effects of crude extracts. Significant variation in yield among different plant species with different methods of extraction was observed. The highest yield was recorded for methanol extract of A. schimperi leaves (36,93%) and lowest yield for methanol extract was observed with R. glabrous leaves (4.8%). The highest yield for aqueous extraction was that of leaves of F. vulgare leaves which was (22.17%) and lowest yield for aqueous extraction was that of A. schimperi leaves (1.72%). Of all tested plants, both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of aerial part of F. vulgare showed best performance, producing nearly 100% egg hatch inhibition at concentration of 1mg/ml while none of the other plants were able to induce complete inhibition even at concentration of 2mg/ml. The performance of aqueous and methanol extracts of most plants were significantly different (p<0.05) except that of F. vulgare were both extracts induced nearly similar effect. In general, all used plants in the current study induced over 50% inhibition of egg hatch of H. contortus at highest used concentration (2mg/ml). Albendazole required a maximum concentration (0.25µg/ml) to induce 100% egg hatch inhibition. The effective doses required to induce 50% and 90% (ED and ED) inhibition of egg hatching were calculated by probit analysis. Of all 50 90 investigated plants, both extracts of F. vulgare induced 50% inhibition of egg hatching at lower concentrations (0.24 and 0.27 mg/ml) for aqueous and alcoholic extracts, respectively. Aqueous extract of R. vulgaris and alcoholic extract of A. schimperi have also performed the next remarkable inhibition of egg hatching at concentration of 0.64 and 0.85 mg/ml, respectively. Of all plants, alcoholic extract of R. glabrous induced 50% inhibition at higher concentration. ED value for the aqueous and methanol extracts of most plants in the 50 current study did not show statistically significant variation. ED for egg hatch inhibition of Albendazole was 50 0.09µg/ml. Both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of most plants had shown variable effect on development of larvae of H. contortus. The highest larval development inhibition observed was for alcoholic extract of R. glabrous (97.7%) while the least effective plant was aqueous extract of R. vulgaris (10%) at the maximum tested concentration. Despite high dose required to inhibit larval development, except for both extracts of R. vulgaris, almost all plant extracts induced dose dependent inhibition of larval development. Unlike the effect of plants on egg hatching, there was statistically significant variation in activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of most plants (p<0.05) at most tested concentrations. In most cases, alcoholic extracts are more effective than their aqueous counterparts.