Improved method for quantifying vitamin D in proprietary infants' formulas and in breast milk (original) (raw)
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Recent trends in the analysis of vitamin D and its metabolites in milk – A review
Food Chemistry, 2015
Vitamin D plays an important role in calcium metabolism and affects other metabolic pathways. Despite the intense interest in vitamin D, no comprehensive overview addressing the analysis of vitamin D in milk has been published. Historically, immunoassay techniques have been mainly used for the routine quantification of vitamin D and its metabolites. However, the greater accuracy and precision of chromatography makes it one of the most important methods in the analysis of vitamin D. The determination of vitamin D and its metabolites by LC-MS is the gold standard for its assessment. LC-MS has unique advantages for vitamin D determination and quantification due to its high sensitivity and specificity. In this review, the current status of vitamin D and its metabolites analysis in milk, human and bovine, including sample pre-treatment and chromatography analysis, are critically discussed and summarised.
Journal of AOAC International, 2016
A method for the determination of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 in fortified milk powders and infant and adult nutritional formulas is described. Samples are saponified at high temperature and lipid-soluble components are extracted into isooctane. A portion of the isooctane layer is transferred and washed, and an aliquot of 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione is added to derivatize the vitamin D to form a high-molecular-mass, easily ionizable adduct. The vitamin D adduct is then re-extracted into a small volume of acetonitrile and analyzed by RPLC. Detection is by tandem MS, using multiple reaction monitoring. Stable isotope-labeled vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 internal standards are used for quantitation to correct for losses in extraction and any variation in derivatization and ionization efficiencies. A single-laboratory validation of the method using AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) kit samples was performed and compared with parameters defined a...
Vitamin D content in human breast milk: a 9-mo follow-up study
The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2015
Parents are advised to avoid the direct sun exposure of their newborns. Therefore, the vitamin D status of exclusively breastfed newborns is entirely dependent on the supply of vitamin D from breast milk. We explored concentrations of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) (vitamin D) and 25-hydroxivitamin D2 plus D3 (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) in foremilk and hindmilk during the first 9 mo of lactation and identified indexes of importance to the concentrations. We collected blood and breast-milk samples from mothers at 2 wk (n = 107), 4 mo, (n = 90), and 9 mo (n = 48) postpartum. Blood samples from infants were collected 4 and 9 mo after birth. We measured concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in blood and milk samples with the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of vitamin D and 25(OH)D correlated significantly and were higher in hindmilk than in foremilk. Milk concentrations were also correlated with maternal plasma 25...
Journal of dairy science, 2010
This study determined the vitamin D(3) content and variability of retail milk in the United States having a declared fortification level of 400 IU (10 μg) per quart (qt; 1 qt=946.4 mL), which is 25% daily value per 8 fluid ounce (236.6 mL) serving. In 2007, vitamin D(3) fortified milk (skim, 1%, 2%, whole, and 1% fat chocolate milk) was collected from 24 statistically selected supermarkets in the United States. Additionally, 2% milk samples from an earlier 2001 USDA nationwide collection were reanalyzed. Vitamin D(3) was determined using a specifically validated method involving HPLC with UV spectroscopic detection and vitamin D(2) as an internal standard. Quality control materials were analyzed with the samples. Of the 120 milk samples procured in 2007, 49% had vitamin D(3) within 100 to 125% of 400 IU (10 μg)/qt (label value), 28% had 501 to 600 IU (12.5-15 μg)/qt, 16% had a level below the label amount, and 7% had greater than 600 IU (15 μg)/qt (>150% of label). Even though th...
Maternal and Child Nutrition, 2009
Severe vitamin D deficiency in mothers and their breastfed infants is a significant health problem in the Middle East. Supplementation of the breastfed infant alone with the recommended dose of vitamin D may be insufficient in high-risk population. We investigated the effect of combined maternal and infant vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status of the breastfed infant. We examined also the effect of supplementation on vitamin D antirachitic activity of breast milk in a subset of mothers. Healthy breastfeeding mothers (n = 90) were randomly assigned to 2000 IU daily (group 1) or 60 000 IU monthly (group 2) of vitamin D 2 ,and all their infants (n = 92) received 400 IU daily of vitamin D 2 for 3 months. Most infants had vitamin D deficiency-25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] Յ 37.5 nmol L-1-at study entry. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations at 3 months increased significantly from baseline in infants of mothers in group 1 (13.9 Ϯ 8.6 vs. 49.6 Ϯ 18.5 nmol L-1 , P < 0.0001) and group 2 (13.7 Ϯ 12.1 vs. 44.6 Ϯ 15.0 nmol L-1 , P < 0.0001). Maternal and infant serum 25(OH)D concentrations correlated positively at baseline (r = 0.36, P = 0.01) and 3 months (r = 0.46, P = 0.002). Milk antirachitic activity increased from undetectable (<20 IU L-1) to a median of 50.9 IU L-1. In conclusion, combined maternal and infant vitamin D supplementation was associated with a threefold increase in infants' serum 25(OH)D concentrations and a 64% reduction in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency without causing hypervitaminosis D.
Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Fully Breastfed Infants on Oral Vitamin D Supplementation
International Journal of Endocrinology, 2010
Objective. To examine the effectiveness of oral vitamin D 3 (400 IU) supplementation on the nutritional vitamin D status of breastfeeding infants. Design. As part of a larger ongoing vitamin D RCT trial of lactating women, infants of mothers assigned to control received 1 drop of 400 IU vitamin D 3 /day starting at one month of age. Infant 25(OH)D levels (mean ± S.D.) were measured by RIA at visits 1, 4, and 7. Results. The infant mean ± S.D. 25(OH)D at baseline was 16.0 ± 9.3 ng/mL (range 1.0-40.8; n = 33); 24 (72.7%) had baseline levels <20 ng/mL (consistent with deficiency). The mean levels increased to 43.6 ± 14.1 (range 18.2-69.7) at 4 months and remained relatively unchanged at month 7: 42.5 ± 12.1 ng/mL (range 18.9-67.2). The change in values between 1 and 4 months and 1 and 7 months was statistically significant (P ≤ .0001), and despite a decrease in dose per kilogram, values were not significantly different between months 4 and 7 (P = .66). Conclusions. Oral vitamin D 3 supplementation as an oil emulsion was associated with significant and sustained increases in 25(OH)D from baseline in fully breastfeeding infants through 7 months.
Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 2012
The method for the “Determination of Vitamins D2 and D3 in Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals by Ultra-Pressure Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection (UPLC-MS/MS)” was adopted as AOAC Official First Action during the “Standards Development and International Harmonization: AOAC INTERNATIONAL Mid-Year Meeting” held June 29, 2011. During the meeting, an Expert Review Panel (ERP) evaluated the available validation information against standard method performance requirements (SMPRs) articulated by stakeholders. The method, approved by the ERP, is applicable for the determination of vitamin D (total vitamins D2 and D3). A range of products had been tested during a single-laboratory validation study. The products included butter, National Institute of Standards and Technology SRM 1849, eggs, cheese, yogurt, ready-to-eat cereal, bread, mushrooms, and tuna. The testing of the method established linearity in the range of 0.005–50 μg/mL. The recovery range was 93.4–1...
Vitamin D Nutritional Status of Exclusively Breast Fed Infants and Their Mothers
Background: Vitamin D nutrition has a profound effect on the development of an infant. Vitamin D status of mothers and their infants are closely correlated. While hypovitaminosis D has emerged as a significant public health problem across all age groups, there is limited information of this condition in lactating mothers and their breast fed infants. Aim: To evaluate the vitamin D status of lactating mothers and their breast fed infants. Subjects and Methods: 180 healthy lactating mothers and exclusively breast fed infants, 2-24 weeks old, were recruited for the study. The mother-infant pairs underwent concurrent clinical, biochemical and hormonal evaluation for calcium-vitamin D-PTH axis. Results: The mean serum 25(OH)D values in lactating mothers was 27.2 ± 14.6 nmol/1 (10.9 ± 5.8 ng/ml), while that of their infants was 28.9 ± 20.8 nmol/1 (11.6 ± 8.3 ng/ml). Scrum 2S(OH)D levels <25 nmol/1 (10 ng/ml) were found in 47.8% of the mothers and 43.2% of the infants. Among these, elevated PTH levels (>54 pg/ml) were seen in 59.3% of the mothers and 69.6% of the infants. A highly significant negative correlation was found between scrum 25(OH)D and PTH in mothers (r =-0.480, p = 0.01) and their infants (r =-0.431, p = 0.01). A strong positive
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2022
Exclusively breastfed infants are at a high risk of vitamin D deficiency. Few studies have evaluated the effects of vitamin D supplementation. Hence, we conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of oral vitamin D3 400 IU/d supplementation in exclusively breastfed newborns. Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in pregnant women and their newborns were evaluated. Breastfed newborns were randomized to one of two regimens at age 10 days. One group received vitamin D3 supplementation at a dose of 400 IU/d (vD-400 group), whereas the placebo group received a liquid product without vitamin D3. Outcomes were assessed at 4 months of age. A total of 92 pregnant women and their infants were enrolled, and the data of 72 infants (37 in the vD-400 group and 35 in the placebo group) who completed the study at 4 months of age were assessed. The results showed severe vitamin D deficiency in 15.2% of mothers before delivery, while 54.3% had vitamin D deficiency. Moreover, 15.2% of newborns presented with severe vitamin D deficiency at birth, while 52.2% had vitamin D deficiency. Maternal vitamin D levels were significantly correlated with infant vitamin D levels at birth (r = 0.816, p < 0.001). At 4 months of age, weight, head circumference, serum 25(OH)D, phosphorus, and intact parathyroid hormone levels significantly differed between the vD-400 and placebo groups. However, the body length and bone mineral density of the two groups did not differ significantly. Regardless of vitamin D supplementation, participants with severe vitamin D deficiency had significantly higher intact parathyroid hormone levels and lower bone mineral content. In conclusion, among exclusively breastfed infants, oral supplementation with vitamin D3 at a dose of 400 IU/d from age 10 days increased 25(OH)D concentrations at 4 months of age, but it did not affect bone mineralization.