Experimental Research into the Phases of Acquisition of Korean Tense-Aspect: Focusing on the Progressive Marker “-ko issta” (original) (raw)
Related papers
A study on syntactic complexity of Myanmar students learning Korean by their academic years
2021
Saw Shin Ngwe. (2021). A study on syntactic complexity of Myanmar students learning Korean by their academic years. Studies in Foreign Language Education, 35(1), 105-129. This study collected and analyzed the compositions of Myanmar students learning Korean to determine the development pattern in syntactic complexity depending on their academic years. Syntactic complexity is divided into syntactic complexity from sentence length, syntactic complexity from sentence expansion, and syntactic complexity from types of sentence expansion. Then, syntactic complexity measurement indicators were used for objective measurement, and the usage patterns of grammatical items related to syntactic complexity were also examined. The results showed that, in the comparison of means, the number of morphemes per sentence, ratio of complex sentence, number of clauses per sentence, number of coordinate clauses per sentence, and number of embedded clauses per sentence all increased overall depending on academic years. Moreover, as a result of statistical verification, in most measurements, second year students showed a significant difference with third year or fourth year students, but there was no significant difference between third year and fourth year students. In other words, development of syntactic complexity among Myanmar students learning Korean was clearly revealed only between second year and third year, after which the development of syntactic complexity became more insignificant. For use of grammatical items related to syntactic complexity, by the time the learners reached fourth year, they produced grammatical items they could not use before. This proves the learners' attempt in sentence expansion, but on the other hand, they also showed replacement errors in use of grammatical items related to sentence expansion. The results of this study will be the basic data that for efficient teaching and learning of the Korean language for Myanmar learners.
A Contrastive Study of ‘isang/yĭshàng’, ‘iha/yĭxià’ and ‘inae/yĭnèi’ in Korean and Chinese Language
Korea Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 2021
한국어의 한자어 ‘이상’, ‘이하’, ‘이내’와 중국어의 ‘yĭshàng’, ‘yĭxià’, ‘yĭnèi’는 모두 한자 ‘以上’, ‘以下’, ‘以內’로 표기할 수 있다는 점에서 같은 語形을 지닌다고 할 수 있다. 또한 이들은 문장 속에서 수량을 뜻하는 단어 바로 뒤에 위치한다는 점도 동일하다. 이런 공통점으로 인하여 한국어와 중국어의 화자들이 상대방의 언어를 학습하거나 번역할 때, 두 언어에서 쌍을 이루는 이 단어들의 의미와 용법을 동일하게 여기기 쉽다. 그러나 실제 언어 사용을 살펴보면 그렇지 않다는 사실을 금방 깨달을 수 있다. 이들 단어 앞에 수량이 기준으로 제시될 때, 그 수량이 범위에 포함되는지 여부는 두 언어 사이에 차이가 있으며, 같은 언어를 사용하는 사람들 사이에서도 인식에 따라 다르다. 본고에서 사전과 문법서를 중심으로 한국어의 ‘이상’, ‘이하’, ‘이내’와 중국어의 ‘以上’, ‘以下’, ‘以內’의 정의를 살펴본 결과, 다음과 같은 내용을 알 수 있었다. 첫째, 한국어의 ‘이상’, ‘이하’는 기준의 포함 여부에 대해 명확한 사전적 정의가 존재하는 반면, ‘이내’는 그렇지 않았다. 둘째, 중국어의 ‘以上’, ‘以下’는 습관적인 용법이 있는 것으로 보이지만 기준의 포함 여부가 명확하지 않을 때도 있으며, ‘以內’는 아예 ‘습관적 용법’이라고 할 만한 쓰임조차 없었다. 이 단어들의 용법을 보다 정확하게 파악하기 위해 필자들은 한 달 간 두 언어의 화자를 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 총 122명의 한국어 화자와 108명의 중국어 화자가 조사에 응하였으며, 조사 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 99.2%의 한국어 화자가 ‘X 이상’을 ‘X와 같거나 X의 위’라고 생각한 반면, 61.1%의 중국어 화자만 ‘X以上’을 ‘X와 같거나 X의 위’라고 생각하였다. 둘째, 91%의 한국어 화자가 ‘X 이하’를 ‘X와 같거나 X의 아래’라고 판단하였는데, 86.1%의 중국어 화자는 ‘X以下’를 ‘X의 아래’라고 생각하여 ‘X’가 범위에 포함되지 않는다고 판단하였다. 셋째, 53.3%의 한국어 화자는 ‘X 이내’의 ‘X’가 범위에 포함된다고 생각하였으며, 중국어 화자의 64.8%는 ‘X以內’의 ‘X’가 범위에 포함된다고 판단하였다. 이 조사 결과를 통해 한국어 ‘이상’, ‘이하’, ‘이내’와 중국어 ‘以上’, ‘以下’, ‘以內’의 공통점과 차이점을 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 우선 짝을 이루는 이 세 그룹의 단어 중, ‘이내’와 ‘以內’가 가장 유사하다. 앞에 있는 수량이 범위에 포함된다고 생각하는 화자가 과반수이고 그렇지 않다고 생각하는 화자는 40% 내외로, 그 비율이 비슷하게 나타났다. 그 다음 ‘이상’과 ‘以上’도 어느 정도 유사하다고 할 수 있다. 그렇지만 수량이 범위에 포함된다고 생각하는 응답자는 한국어 화자의 99.2%로, 중국어 화자의 61.1%보다 38.1%나 많다는 점을 주의해야 한다. 즉, ‘이상’에 대한 한국어 화자의 판단이 거의 일치하는 반면 중국어 화자들은 그렇지 못하다는 것이다. 가장 뚜렷한 차이는 ‘이하’와 ‘以下’에서 나타났다. 한국어의 ‘이하’에 수량이 포함된다는 응답자는 91%에 달했는데 중국어의 ‘以下’는 오히려 그 반대로 86.1%의 응답자가 포함되지 않는다는 답을 주었다. 이러한 두 언어의 차이를 한국어교육과 중국어교육에서 반드시 강조해 주어야 학습자들이 해당 언어에서 알맞은 표현을 사용할 수 있을 것이다.
Research Methods of Korean Language Education
korean language education research, 2014
This paper investigated the types of research methods in Korean Language Education(KLE) and related issues. The research methods involved many elements such as data collection, position and viewpoint of researcher, research purpose, researcher’s intention, time, degree of controlling, utilizing, and using machine. Based on these elements, research methods of KLE could be classified and contrasted. Those are conceptional and empirical research, pure and action research, longitudinal and cross-sectional research, experimental and ethnography, introspection and discourse analysis, case study and survey study. Any research itself has multiplicity and complexity. So we should understand that there are many aspects of any one research. To advance research methods of KLE, it is needed to know the complimentary of conceptional research and empirical research. Theoretical research and action research develops dialectically. Teacher’s inquiry is important, and the concept of ‘teacher researcher’ should be established. Key words : Korean Language Education, research method, conceptional research, empirical research, dialectic, teacher researcher
Korea Journal of Chinese Language and Literature, 2020
The purpose of this study is to typologically analyze plosive coda ‘-p, -t, -k’ and areal typology of the Sinitic languages and minority languages distributed in central and southern China, centering on the Yangtze River basin and the southern part of the Yangtze River, and to consider the relationship and influence of ethnic minority languages distributed together in or around the same region from a view of areal typology. Mainland China is a complex distribution of languages belonging to various language families, such as the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kra-Dai languages, Austronesian languages, Austroasiatic languages, and Altaic languages. Since they have strong linguistic contacts over a long period of time, the study of language typology in mainland China has a very important meaning not only for the study of Chinese but also for the study of world language typology. First of all, this paper compares and analyzes the classification of Chinese dialect area in the preceding studies to reconsider the criteria and methods for classifying language typology in Chinese dialect area, and discusses the need for subdividing Mandarin dialects and adding other ethnic languages. In addition, by creating a language altas of typology about the plosive coda of the Sinitic dialect and ethnic minority languages, we observe the areal typology of the plosive coda of Sinitic dialects and ethnic minority languages distributed in mainland China from a macro perspective. In addition, in connection with ethnic minority languages distributed in the central and southern regions of China and its neighboring regions, it attempts to analyze the regional type of the plosive coda of the Chinese central and southern regions from a regional typological angle. By observing and analyzing the type of areal distribution of the plosive coda in the same region together based on the plosive coda ‘–p, -t, -k’ and the areal distribution of the plosive coda in the ethnic minority languages, the close language contact and language shift phenomena of the Sinitic languages and ethnic languages are discussed.
Malsori wa eumseong gwahak, 2012
In this paper, we compare the performance of several speaker adaptation methods for a HMM-based Korean speech synthesis system with small amounts of adaptation data. According to objective and subjective evaluations, a hybrid method of constrained structural maximum a posteriori linear regression (CSMAPLR) and maximum a posteriori (MAP) adaptation shows better performance than other methods, when only five minutes of adaptation data are available for the target speaker. During the objective evaluation, we find that the duration models are insufficiently adapted to the target speaker as the spectral envelope and pitch models. To alleviate the problem, we propose the duration rectification method and the duration interpolation method. Both the objective and subjective evaluations reveal that the incorporation of the proposed two methods into the conventional speaker adaptation method is effective in improving the performance of the duration model adaptation.
The Comments on the Korean Classical Texts, 2020
This paper analyzes Yang Ju-dong(1903~1977)’s research on the Korean classical poetry, focusing on its contexts of the ‘Korean Parnassus’ group in the late Japanese colonial period of Korea, from the late 1930s to the early 1940s. At the time of the second Sino-Japanese war, writers of “Munjang”, a popular coterie magazine founded in 1939, tried to ‘invent’ the language and literature of Joseon(Korea). Yang Ju-dong’s research on the Korean classical poetry, particularly interested in lexicology of ancient Korean language and literature, were related to such tendency of Munjang and its writers at that time. Concerning the discourse of ‘Korean classical literature’, Yang ju-dong conceived double boundaries of the Korean classical literature, the diachronic ‘past’ and the spatial ‘Korea=Orient.’ By fusing these concepts of time and space, he organized a singular ‘function’ of space-time of the Korean literature, that the Korean classical literature was valuable because it came from the past(classical antiquity), which meant it preserved Korean=Oriental aesthetics very well. These imagined boundaries and their function relied on two inventions. The first was the invention of the continuity of Korean language, from the language of Silla dynasty to the modern Korean. The second was the invention of the genealogical extension of Korean language toward Manchurian or Mongolian, based on the hypothesis of ‘Ural-Altaic language family.’ It seems that Yang ju-dong’s research internalized, to a certain degree, the logic of Japanese Imperialism, especially on its Orientalism or direction of ‘post/anti-westernization.’ To quote Homi Bhabha’s words, however, the invention of Yang ju-dong’s research can be analyzed as ‘resistance,’ because it interpellated Joseon(Korea), which was completely eliminated, into the Japanese imperialistic initiative of ‘Greater East Asia’, and therefore, implied “the signs of cultural difference and reimplicate them within the ‘deferential relations’ of colonial power.”
A Study on Persuasive Style Proses of Kyekok Chang Yu
한문학보 (Han Mun Hak Bo), 2021
This study analyzes the persuasive style proses (論說類) of Kyekok (谿谷) Chang Yu (張維), with an aim to identify their traits. Chang Yu’s persuasive style proses will be first surveyed before proceeding to the discussion on three characteristic aspects visible in the subject matters of the writings, as well as the employed methods of expressions. There are eighteen works in persuasive style proses by Chang Yu: three assessments (辯), three arguments (論), one explanation (解), and ten theories (說). Among those writings, two works do not show as strong character of persuasive style prose as others; and “An Assessment on the Hypothetical Argument between Mencius and Zhuang Zhou (設孟莊論辯)”, being an imaginary conversation which does not convey the author’s opinion, could be hardly distinguished as a persuasive style prose. Fifteen works, except these three works, overtly belong in the persuasive style prose category in terms of their format and their contents. The subject matter and the modes of expressions in Chang Yu’s persuasive style proses reveal following key characteristics. First, commentary on a person carefully takes into consideration one’s personality and their circumstances when analyzing their psychology. An Argument on “Why Emperor Gaozu of Han Did Not Honor Ji Xin (漢祖不錄紀信論)” is one of such works; when compared with the thematically identical writings by Chu Sepung and Ŏ Yupong, this trait becomes more apparent. Similar method of profiling is also apparent in “A Theory on Blue and White Eyes (靑白眼說)”. Secondly, Chang Yu expresses his firm belief in the immortal value of literature (文) in his writings. In “The Argument that Liu Zongyuan Died and Became a Deity (柳宗元死而爲神論)”, he argues that the extraordinary energy of the heaven and earth is embodied within ‘the literature (文章)’, and that the talent and postmortem deification of Liu Zongyuan had been possible for he was bestowed with unprecedented energy (間氣). In “An Assessment on Whether Poetry Impoverishes a Man (詩能窮人辨)”, he claims that the talent of a poet is constituted by the spiritual energy bestowed by the spirit of heaven and earth, and that the poetic talent circulates alongside the force of universe (大化). Also, in “An Explanation on the Lid of a Pickle Jar (覆醬瓿解)”, he contends that in the face of adversity, a junzi (君子) or daren (達人) merely illuminates the Way (道) through unwavering writing. Thirdly, his writings feature a pursuit of a dispassionate ego, which remains unaffected by external objects. In “A Theory about Bamboo Swaying in the Wind (風竹說)”, the bamboo tree materializes the self which soberly preserves one’s true colors despite varied changes. This work also emphasizes the need for the Neo-confucian way of cultivating one’s mind. Yet, “A Theory on the Soil for Fortune (福田說)” argued that the advancement to such stage is possible through Buddhist enlightenment. Furthermore, A Theory on the Soil for Fortune features the notion of seeing all things equally (濟物), while “A Theory on the Seagull that did not Descend (海鷗不下說)” features the stage of Enjoyment in Untroubled Ease (逍遙遊). The self which is independent and irrespective of external objects is the main ideal featured in Chang Yu‘s proses; and the paths to the ideal take from in Confucian, Buddhist, and Taoist transcendence. The suggested traits do not completely encapsulate the characteristics of Chang Yu’s persuasive style proses. Also, these traits should be discussed in connection to the other writings ― such as farewells writings (贈序類) or prefaces and postscripts (序跋類) ― by Chang Yu. Despite the limitations, hopefully the findings presented in this study would be of help in scrutinizing an aspect of the Chang Yu’s writings.