Compliance with Planning Regulations in Hazardous Areas and its impacts. A Case of Msasani Bonde la Mpunga in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania (original) (raw)
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Current Urban Studies, 2016
Hazardous land is given high profile in the Tanzanian National Land Policy 1995. Subsequent land laws provide for participatory procedures to declare land to be hazardous. Public authorities have over the years been concerned about the continued living on a flood-prone Msimbazi River Valley in the city of Dar es Salaam. Despite adopting carrot policies such as allocating alternative land, and stick policies including forced eviction and demolition, sections of the population have continued to live in the Valley. Research on the ways public authorities have dealt with flood-prone areas, established that legal procedures to declare Msimbazi River Valley to be hazardous or environmentally sensitive have never been taken, and are not well-known among officials. Moreover, focus has been placed on valley dwellers instead of addressing citywide flooding. Paternalism, dealing with market failure and exerting political authority are considered to be the drivers motivating the government to evict valley dwellers. It is concluded that the approach dealing with dwellers of floodprone areas should adhere to legal provisions by, in particular, being participatory; should utilize available technology to identify, declare and demarcate hazardous land, should put this land to the badly needed greening of the city; and should address citywide flooding as a part of managing the city instead of focusing on a few individuals in a particular hazardous area.
Journal of Environmental Protection, 2014
Since the 1960s, most cities in developing countries have faced a high rate of urbanization, which in turn has caused more harm to low-income earners, in urban areas. A majority of low-income earners most often face difficulties in accessing land in planned areas, as a result they are forced to build houses in unplanned settlements that are vulnerable to natural hazards. The situation is worse to the extent that people encroach the most vulnerable areas (hazard lands). As concentration of people increases, these unplanned areas become more unsafe to live in. This partly due to the risks associated with natural hazards particularly flooding. Further, vulnerability of unplanned settlements in developing countries is aggravated by hosts of problems caused by many factors, including inadequate Government involvement in: environmental protection especially managing hazard lands and helping the community to minimize risks associated with hazards. This paper addresses this issue. It argues that community and Government initiatives are vital to any strategy for flood risk reduction and environmental protection in general. The study employed both the primary and the secondary data sources. Data collection tools and techniques involved in this study included: Checklist to various leaders, interview using questionnaires, focus group discussion, analysis of aerial photographs and non participant observation. A total of 70 households from within Keko Machungwa were interviewed. The study revealed that flooding is largely contributed by construction done by a large scale developer on a water course; and when affected community initiated a strategy to solve the problem they partially succeed due to inadequate support from the Government and other stakeholders. These findings could be useful to strengthen policy and legislation in environmental protection, management and flood control as well as in T. Sakijege et al. 761 intervening land use conflicts between local community and developers.
Land Use Planning as a Tool for Flood Hazard Mitigation: A case study of Atonsu, Ghana
Flood has for the past few years become a ‘normal’ phenomenon at Atonsu. The town has often been subjected to periodic occurrences of flooding lasting averagely a week on each incident. This phenomenon has attracted little attention from local government and other key stakeholders such as the central government. The study assessed the effectiveness of land use planning, planners’ roles and public participation in addressing the situation. It also considered into details, the causes and effects of flooding to residents in the various suburbs surveyed and their adaptation mechanisms before, during and after each flood incident. A mixed research design was used in generating data for analysis. Qualitative data regarding land use planning, the planning process and planners’ roles was obtained from institutions such as the Metropolitan Unit of Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) and Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly (KMA) using interviews. Others, such as institutional support mechanisms for flood victims were obtained from National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO). A survey of residents of flood prone suburbs was conducted using pre-coded and open-ended questionnaires to assess the causes, effects and adaptation mechanisms by residents towards flooding. The results revealed that, among other causes, building on the floodplain and the absences of drains impede the free flow of excess water during each downpour. It was equally observed that the existence of a planning scheme had little influence on the leap-frog developments springing up. The common adaptation employed by residents was structural; building walls around entrances as well as building on stilts. The study strongly recommends that, the Metropolitan Assembly takes immediate steps to dredge the Ahinsan stream that traverses the town so as to increase the free flow of excess water. It is also suggested that, land use planning and planners’ roles should be more defined and enhanced by the Assembly to enable them proactively handle the situation.
Pollution Risk Accumulation from Households in Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2018
Today, more than half of the worlds' population lives in cities, in which one third reside in informal settlements, under conditions of constrained services and infrastructure. Consequently many of them are exposed to a wide range of health risks. The aim of this qualitative study was to assess the factors that pose health risks to the urban dwellers in the informal settlements of Dar-Es-Salaam. To achieve this aim the study focused on the assessment of conditions of the informal urban living environment, that if not managed can pose a health risk to the urban dwellers. The urban environment factors that were assessed include housing water supply, solid waste, drainage system, road access and waste water sewage. Mnazi Mmoja and Midizini sub wards in Dar-Es-Salaam were used as case study. The data was collected with the aid of semi structured interviews, focus group discussions, observations and literature review, and was analysed qualitatively. The diseases that were found to be predominant in Mnazi Mmoja and Midizini Sub-wards are; Malaria, Cholera, Diarrhoeal and Typhoid. The factors that present health risk in the case study areas were found to be: Use of unsafe water because of limited access to safe water supply, Pilling up of solid waste due to inadequate waste handling and collection, Poor housing condition including overcrowding, Indoor smoke from cooking and filthy external surrounding, Stagnant water on storm drains due to waste accumulation that leads to blockage, Narrow and inaccessible part during emergency services. These factors were driven mainly due to absence of proper urban planning that leads to proliferation of informal settlements following rapid urban population growth, but unmatched and slow expansion of infrastructure and housing. It is important for the government to take measures in planning and advocating the upgrading of these informal settlements through more participatory approach by including residents of these settlements.
Habitat International, 2005
This paper examines recent trends in land use transformation taking place in the peri-urban areas of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It demonstrates that urbanisation in poverty is the key factor underpinning and catalysing changes in land use, land transactions, increased rural-urban immigration and the overall transformation of land use in the peri-urban areas. Unregulated peri-urban land development has given rise to complex organic urban structures which predominantly expanding horizontally. The emerging land use pattern, by and large, indicates a mismatch with the widely cherished planning norms and standards and land value theories which, underpin urban land use planning instruments such as zoning and density distribution and principles like equitable provision of basic services and complimentarity in urban land development. It is argued that for an unforeseeable future, organic urban growth is likely to remain an indispensable reality depicting urban land development in resource starved situations such as Tanzania because of the severe resource constraints facing local and central governments, the nature of the subsisting land tenure structure in most peri-urban areas, poor national economic performance and looming poverty in rural and urban areas. Therefore, planners and policy makers have little choice but to ensconce and consolidate the emerging form. Decentralised land management anchored on the subsisting local government administrative structures, introduction of user-friendly and pro-poor land regularisation systems, and embarking on land banking by local authorities are some of the key and immediate policy action areas of concern.
TANZANIA: Developing Urban Residential Land
Journal of Urban Affairs, 1992
All land in Tanzania is nationalized and in theory is easy to acquire and develop for housing. However, the time lag between designation of an urban area for housing development and commencement of construction may take up to four years and up to ten years to complete, This paper describes the actors and steps involved in the process of planning, servicing, and transferring urban land and outlines the physical, aesthetic, social, political, and economic effects. Recommendations are offered for shortening the process and some management techniques are suggested.
Discriminatory land use planning and flood risk management in Karonga Town, Malawi
journal of new results in science, 2017
This study examines how discriminatory land use planning predisposes the low income residents to flood disaster risks in Karonga town, Malawi. Using a qualitative research design, in-depth interviews were conducted with ten government and non government institutions engaged in land use planning and disaster risk management and traditional leaders. The study showed that theoretical aims of land use planning to improve the living environment remain partial and in certain cases exacerbate risks posed by floods because the planning tool divides the urban landscape into formal and informal spaces. Such separation which coincided with incomes levels forced the marginalised and urban poor to occupy flood-prone areas While literature on flood control promotes an integrated approach to flood risk management, land use planning practice is singled out as a regulatory measure which ironically not only fails to meet the needs, but also increases vulnerability to flood risks, of the urban poor re...
Dynamics of land for urban housing in Tanzania
Journal of Public Administration and …, 2010
With increased movement of population in search for better settlement and employment, more people tend to be concentrated in urban areas. This article identifies the dynamics of land for urban housing in Tanzania with specific reference to Songea municipality. The article remarks on one hand, weaknesses in the existing institutional framework for urban planning and delivery of land services, unnecessary prolonged procedure and actors in the process with overlapping authorities, roles and lines of accountabilities has been identified as contributing factors to such dynamics, on the other hand, lack of technical capacity, limited financial resources embedded with cumbersome procedures in the whole process of preparation and approval of detailed plans as prepared by land experts has been a catalyst for the low capacity of the municipality in allocating land for housing development to the developers. With the increasing influx of population towards town and cities, land grabbing, institutions need to be reformed to take into account the rapid population dynamics within the society. Municipalities need to be empowered with both technical and financial capacity to facilitate in provision of effective and efficiency services of providing land for housing.
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology , 2022
Population and economic development are key drivers of water resource pollution. The population of Babati town increased from 44,000 in 2002 to93,108 inhabitants in 2012. It was projected the population would have reached 105,610 inhabitants by 2022.This study is an attempt to assess the implications of rapid population and spatial growth of Babati Town on Lake Babati and water resources. The study involved random sampling in the four villages of Hangoni, Himiti, BagaraZiwani, and GendiKuu. The data were collected through direct observations, questionnaires, and interviews with individual households around the Lake. TheGIS technology was applied in analysing the collected data including trends of the implication of population and spatial growth on Lake.
The development of settlement in urban areas in Tanzania Mainland are regulated by various laws both principal legislation and subsidiary legislation. These laws also are implemented by the planning authorities, the central government authority and the local government authority and the special agency or authorities like Capital Development Authority for planning and design the capital city. However in urban areas has experiencing the growth of unplanned settlement.The study makes an assessment on the effectiveness of the legal framework in facilitating the process of making orderly and planned development of settlement in urban areas for eliminating the increased informal settlement. Further the study make an assessment on the effectiveness of the planning institution in implementing the planning laws and standards in eliminating the informal settlement in urban areas. The study conclude that the legal framework that governs the development of settlement in urban areas encounter ineffectiveness in ensuring orderly and coordinated implementation of land use plans for elimination of increased informal settlement in urban areas. Further the authorities responsible for controlling the development of settlement in urban areas still have shortcomings in realizing the enforcing the planning regulations and standards in urban areas.