Distribution and Migration of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Derived from Coded Wire Tag Recoveries along the Continental Shelf of Western North America (original) (raw)
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Life History and Seasonal Stock-Specific Ocean Migration of Juvenile Chinook Salmon
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 2011
The ocean feeding grounds of juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. range over several thousand kilometers in which ocean conditions, prey quality and abundance, and predator assemblages vary greatly. Therefore, the fate of individual stocks may depend on where they migrate and how much time they spend in different regions. Juvenile (n = 6,266) and immature (n = 659) Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were collected from coastal Washington to Southeast Alaska in coastal trawl surveys from February to November 1998-2008, which allowed us to reconstruct changes in stock composition for seasons and regions by means of DNA stock identification techniques. Individuals were allocated to 12 regional stocks. The genetic stock assignments were directly validated by showing that 96% of the 339 known-origin, coded-wire-tagged fish were accurately allocated to their region of origin. Overall, the analyses performed in this study support the main findings of previous work based on tagging. However, given that the sample sizes for all stocks were larger and additional stocks were analyzed, we can extend those results; coastal residency of local stocks in their first year at sea with differences between smolt classes for southern stocks. Notably, yearling Chinook salmon moved quickly into waters north of the west coast of Vancouver Island, including Southeast Alaska. Furthermore, subyearling salmon were found over shallower bottom depths than yearling fish. Summer catches in all regions were dominated by Columbia River yearling fish, which suggests a rapid northward migration. In contrast, very few Columbia River subyearling fish were recovered north of Vancouver Island. Columbia River fish were a minor component of the catches in fall and winter, as fish originating from other southern stocks dominated catches off the west coast of Vancouver Island while northern British Columbia and Southeast Alaska stocks dominated northern regions during these time periods. In addition, we found no effect of hatchery origin on the distribution of fish.
American Fisheries Society Symposium Series, 2007
A conceptual model of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch migration from Oregon, Washington, the Columbia–Snake River system, British Columbia, and southeast Alaska was derived using coded-wire-tag data from juvenile salmon surveys conducted between 1995 and 2004. Over this 10-year period, 914 coded-wire-tagged (CWT) juvenile coho salmon were recovered. In general, the migratory behavior of juvenile coho salmon observed in this study was consistent with previous studies showing that juvenile salmon generally undertake a northward migration and utilize the continental shelf as a migration highway. However, this study also revealed that both regional and specific river stocks of coho salmon from all parts of the North American coast are composed of fast components that take a rapid and direct migration in the summer to as far west as Kodiak Island, Alaska and slow components that migrate over a relatively short distance from their natal rivers and reside over winter on the shelf. The Columbia–Snake River system, coastal Oregon, and coastal Washington had the highest proportion of fast CWT migrants among regions. Furthermore, specific stocks within the lower Columbia River had the highest proportion of fast CWT migrants both within the Columbia–Snake River watershed and along the entire west coast of North America. Distances migrated along the shelf were positively correlated to size at capture during the summer for almost all regional stocks, indicating that fast-migrating juvenile coho salmon have faster growth rates. The widespread dispersion along the continental shelf as a consequence of a mix of slow and fast migrants and the subsequent offshore migration into different regions of the Gulf of Alaska may have been selected over evolutionary time scales. This strategy would have ensured the long-term survival of individual stocks by spreading the risk of mortality among oceanic regions.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2012
While recent studies have evaluated the stock-specific coastal migration of juvenile Chinook salmon, it remains unclear if these seasonal patterns are consistent between years, particularly when ocean conditions change dramatically. Here we contrast the abundance, distribution and seasonal stock compositions of juvenile Chinook salmon between years in 3 oceanographic regions of the Pacific from southern British Columbia to southeast Alaska. Between 1998 and 2008, we surveyed salmon in various months from June through March, in different regions along the shelf. Variable conditions in the North Pacific Ocean, as well as large overall shifts in ocean regimes were extensively documented over this decade. We employed genetic stock identification to identify mixed-stock compositions; fish (n = 6274) were allocated to one of 15 regional and 40 subregional stocks. Catch-per-unit-effort and distribution of salmon, as denoted by centre of mass, varied significantly between seasons, regions and years. In a similar manner, fish body size and dryweight varied significantly between years, seasons and regions. Despite these inter-annual differences in catch, distribution, fish growth performance and large variations in ocean conditions encountered by salmon over the time period of the study, we observed no response in terms of shifts in stock-specific distributions. Regional stock composition was similar between years, suggesting migration patterns for all stocks remain consistent despite fluctuations in the marine environment: local stocks remain resident in respective coastal areas during their first year at sea, except for Columbia River salmon, which move quickly into waters north of Vancouver Island in summer.
2009
Abstract Knowledge of the migratory habits of juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. is required to test the hypothesis that ocean food resources are a limiting factor in their production. Using DNA stock identification techniques, we reconstructed the regional and seasonal changes in the stock composition of juvenile sockeye salmon O. nerka (n= 4,062) collected from coastal Washington to the Alaska Peninsula in coastal trawl surveys from May to February 1996–2007. Individuals were allocated to 14 regional populations.
Early ocean dispersal patterns of Columbia River Chinook and coho salmon
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 2014
Several evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) of Columbia River asin Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and Coho Salmon O. kisutch are listed as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Yet little is known about the spatial and temporal distributions of these ESUs immediately following ocean entry, when year-class success may be determined. We documented differences in dispersal patterns during the early ocean period among groups defined by ESU, adult run timing, and smolt age. Between 1995 and 2006, 1,896 coded-wire-tagged juvenile fish from the Columbia River basin were recovered during 6,142 research trawl events along theWest Coast of North America. Three distinct ocean dispersal patterns were observed: (1) age-1 (yearling) mid and upper Columbia River spring-run and Snake River spring–summer-run Chinook Salmon migrated rapidly northward and by late summer were not found south of Vancouver Island; (2) age-0 (subyearling) lower Columbia River fall, upper Columbia River summer, upper Columbia River fall, and Snake River fall Chinook Salmon dispersed slowly, remaining mainly south of Vancouver Island through autumn; and (3) age-1 lower Columbia River spring, upper Columbia River summer, and upper Willamette River spring Chinook Salmon and Coho Salmon were widespread along the coast from summer through fall, indicating a diversity of dispersal rates. Generally, the ocean dispersal of age-1 fish was faster and more extensive than that of age-0 fish, with some age-1 fish migrating as fast as 10–40 km/d (0.5–3.0 body lengths/s). Within groups, interannual variation in dispersal was moderate. Identification of the distinct temporal and spatial ocean distribution patterns of juvenile salmon from Columbia River basin ESUs is important in order to evaluate the potential influence of changing ocean conditions on the survival and long term sustainability of these fish populations.
Revisiting the marine migration of US Atlantic salmon using historical Carlin tag data
ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2012
Miller, A. S., Sheehan, T. F., Renkawitz, M. D., Meister, A. L., and Miller, T. J. 2012. Revisiting the marine migration of US Atlantic salmon using historical Carlin tag data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1609–1615. The development of a fishery for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the sea at West Greenland in the early 1960s prompted the start of a US tagging programme in 1962. Between 1962 and 1996, more than 1.5 million salmon from New England rivers, primarily hatchery-reared smolts, were tagged and released. Overall, the rate of tag recovery was 0.55%, with 23.2% of the tags recovered from Canada, 26.0% from Greenland, and 50.8% from the United States. A generalized additive model was used to analyse marine survival based on returns of tagged salmon to the Penobscot River. The month and year of release, sea age, smolt age, and environmental variables, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) indices and local sea surface ...
The variation at 17 microsatellites was analyzed for 5,270 juvenile Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch obtained from coastal British Columbia and Gulf of Alaska surveys during 1998–2012. A 270-population baseline was used to determine the individual identifications of the fish sampled, with individuals being identified to 22 stocks of origin. Columbia River and Washington juveniles were consistently larger than those from British Columbia and Alaska. During June, the larger individuals within a stock were observed in more northerly locations. There was a relationship between the timing of northward migration and juvenile body size, with larger individuals migrating earlier than smaller individuals from the same stocks. Stock composition was more diverse in the northern sampling regions than in those in southern British Columbia. There was only a modest change in stock composition between fall and winter samples in both the Strait of Georgia and west coast of Vancouver Island sampling regions, indicating that juvenile migration had largely been completed by the fall. There was a wide divergence among stocks in juvenile size and dispersion among sampling locations.
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2019
Migration patterns of juvenile Columbia River Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) differ among stocks and life history types, creating diverse marine distributions of these fish. This results in different stocks being subject to different ocean conditions during their first summer of marine residence, a time that is critical for their survival. Understanding their early marine distributions, and the conditions that affect their survival, may enhance conservation efforts for these stocks, many of which are protected under the Endangered Species Act. We analyzed juvenile Chinook salmon samples collected in trawls made from 2011 to 2015 off the southeastern (SE) Alaskan panhandle, and off the coasts of Washington and Oregon. We used genetic stock identification techniques to estimate stock proportions of juvenile Chinook salmon in each of these areas. Results indicated that most juvenile Chinook salmon in our SE Alaska coast study area in July originate from Columbia River springrun stocks. We found a significant relationship in catch per unit effort (CPUE) over all stocks between the SE Alaska and the Washington and Oregon coast samples. In 2011, CPUE for Columbia River spring-run stocks for the SE Alaska coast was lower than for the Washington and Oregon coast, suggesting a differing level of marine mortality that year. We also found a significant relationship between juvenile CPUE of interior Columbia River spring-run stocks off the SE Alaska coast and adult counts at Bonneville Dam two years later. Our results provide marine life history, performance and survival information that supports management and recovery efforts for Columbia River Chinook salmon.