Path Analysis Examining Relationships Among Antecedents of Anxiety, Multidimensional State Anxiety, and Triathlon Performance (original) (raw)
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Changes in state anxiety prior to competition : sport and exercise psychology
It has been shown that competitive anxiety can negatively affect athletic performance. Psychological interventions must be used in the pre-competition period to prevent the debilitative effects of state anxiety. The aim of the present study was to investigate the temporal changes in state anxiety in the period leading up to competition. Male high school swimmers (N=62) participated in the study. A cross-sectional quantitative research design that used the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) to measure state anxiety was employed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Baseline and precompetitive state anxiety scores were analyzed by means of the paired t-test. The results showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.000) between state anxiety scores measured at baseline (seven days before the competition) and at precompetition (one hour before competition). Again, there were significant differences between baseline and precompetit...
Measuring anxiety in athletics: the revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2
Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 2003
The purpose of this study was to use confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to revise the factor structure of the CSAI-2 using one data set, and then to use CFA to validate the revised structure using a second data set. The first data set (calibration sample) consisted of 503 college-age intramural athletes, and the second (validation sample) consisted of 331 intercollegiate (Division I) and interscholastic athletes. The results of the initial CFA on the calibration sample resulted in a poor fit to the data. Using the Lagrange Multiplier Test (Gamma) as a guide, CSAI-2 items that loaded on more than one factor were sequentially deleted. The resulting 17-item revised CSAI-2 was then subjected to a CFA using the validation data sample. The results of this CFA revealed a good fit of the data to the model (CFI = .95, NNFI = .94, RMSEA = .054). It is suggested that the CSAI-2R instead of the CSAI-2 be used by researchers and practitioners for measuring competitive state anxiety in athletes.
2013
The Multidimensional Anxiety theory examines the relationship between anxiety and performance. It is the first theory that explains that both cognitive and somatic components play an important role on performance. Cognitive anxiety is the mental component of anxiety and somatic anxiety refers to a person’s perceived changes in her or his physiological. The theory hypothesizes a powerful negative linear relationship between cognitive state anxiety and performance and a less powerful, inverted U relationship between somatic anxiety and performance. The theory states that the increases of cognitive and somatic anxiety will deteriorate an athlete’s performance. However, previous research had showed inconsistent results. Therefore, this research examines the effect of cognitive and somatic anxiety on performance among Malaysian athletes. The sample consisted of 902 athletes, consisting of national (N=53), state (N=395), district (N=120), university (N=211), and school athletes (N= 123). ...
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2004
Objectives: Given recent concerns regarding its validity the aim of the present study was to examine the capability of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2(d) (CSAI-2(d)) in distinguishing between anxious and excited states.Design and Methods: British university athletes (n=188) were randomly assigned to one of two groups and asked to complete the CSAI-2(d) as if they were either excited (excited group) or anxious (anxious group) prior to the most important competition of the season.Results: Participants (n=18) who indicated that they were unable to complete the task with any degree of accuracy were removed from the analysis. Data were initially analysed using Multivariate Analyses of Covariance, with gender as the covariate. Participants in the anxious group reported higher scores on the cognitive and somatic anxiety intensity subscales, while the participants in the excited group reported a more facilitative perception of their symptoms on the somatic anxiety subscale. A logistic regression correctly classified 62.9% of the participants as belonging to either the anxious or excited group on the basis of the scores from the CSAI-2(d).Conclusions: It is possible to observe differences in scores on the CSAI-2(d) from participants asked to complete the inventory as if they were either excited or anxious. However, differences in scores were typically small with 37.1% of participants incorrectly classified on the basis of these scores. Accordingly, caution is advised in interpreting the results of the CSAI-2(d) in research and applied settings.
Examination of Anxiety Levels: Practice vs. Competition among High School Track and Field Athletes
International Journal of Sports Science, 2021
Somatic and cognitive state anxiety levels can increase before a competitive event which can result in decreased performance and increase injury risk. Identifying situations that could cause high levels of anxiety are important so that proper anxiety management techniques can be implemented. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare levels of somatic and cognitive anxiety as well as self-confidence among high school track and field athletes prior to practice and competition. METHODS: One high school track and field team (n=16: male n=8, female n=8) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) survey prior to competition and again prior to practice. The CSAI-2 contains three subscales (cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence). The CSAI-2 subscale scores were compared between the pre-practice and the pre-competition scenarios with paired t-tests (α<0.05). RESULTS: Statistical differences in the subscale scores (cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence) were found between practice and the competition (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Within the parameters of this study, anxiety appears to be higher and self-confidence lower prior to a competition versus practice. Future research should examine if such a relationship exists among other high school sports.
A STUDY ON PRE AND POST COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY AMONG THE ATHLETES
RUBICON PUBLICATIONS, 2020
This study investigates and evaluates pre and post competitive anxiety, self-confidence and performance of the athletes. The Cognitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 was administered to collect data from 73 athletes, both men and women, before and after the competition, who participated in the Reliance Foundation Youth Sports (RFYS)-Athletics, held at Gachibowli Stadium, Hyderabad. Paired t-test was used to find the significant difference between the pre and post competition. Results showed that the levels of cognitive state anxiety before the competition was low as compared after the competition and the levels of somatic state anxiety before the competition was high as compared after the competition whereas the levels of self-confidence before the competition was high as compared after the competition. This study concludes that the levels of cognitive state anxiety increases after the competition as athletes could not perform according to the performance expectations on the contrary the levels of somatic anxiety decreases as there was no pressure of performance on the athletes after the competition and the levels of self-confidence decreases after the competition as athletes could not reach their desired performance levels.
The level of anxiety as a facilitating or inhibiting factor in sports performance
The „Black Sea” Journal of Psychology, 2023
The research part of the paper is based on four hypotheses that aim to verify the following correlations: correlations between sports anxiety and anxiety as a feature, then between cognitive anxiety and self-esteem, correlations between anxiety in team sports and individual sports. Sport anxiety and sport performance were also investigated, as well as exploring sport anxiety to reduce it and increase athletes' sport performance. Regarding this, three online questionnaires were administered to a group of 90 athletes (48 from individual sports and 42 from team sports) of both female and male gender, for a period of 6 months. The team sports were basketball and football and the individual sports were gymnastics, martial arts and wrestling. The respective questionnaires represented the research instruments and were as follows: ASQ, Rosemberg and CSAI 2. The research aimed to find out through the results obtained whether anxiety in its forms, as a characteristic, or cognitive influences positively or negatively the performance outcomes of athletes. At the same time, it was found that self-esteem represents an important factor in helping to reduce cognitive anxiety, and even more importantly, it helps athletes to use anxiety effectively. It has been found that sports performance is affected by anxiety, especially in elite athletes, who feel a major pressure on their way to competitive success. Correlations between the ASQ and subscales of the CSAI-2 test found that anxious individuals already have a background for developing greater sport anxiety, interpreting certain situations negatively, compared to individuals who are more positive.
Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 2004
To date, no research has investigated score predictions and anxiety interpretation in high-anxious, low-anxious, defensive high-anxious and repressor individuals. This study examined Eysenck's (1997) predictions for cognitive biases on future performance expectations in all four groups. This study was conducted in an ecologically-valid sporting environment. Competitive shooters completed the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Sport Anxiety Scale prior to a major competition. Percentile splits identified the four defensiveness/anxiety groups. The modified Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2 was used to assess the intensity and direction of anxiety prior to competition. Participants predicted their expected shooting score. The hypothesis that repressors would interpret their anxiety as more facilitative to performance compared to low-anxious individuals was partially supported. Repressors were more optimistic in their performance prediction in contrast to defensive high-anxious performers who, in turn, were more pessimistic compared to the other two groupings. High-anxious performers, contrary to predictions, demonstrated optimism in their future performance. The findings of this study corroborate the theoretical predictions and the evidence from previous studies with sport performers. Future research should continue to investigate the influence of cognitive biases on performance predictions in sporting environments using Weinberger et al.'s classifications.