Measuring breast volume in hypertrophy: laser scanning or water displacement? (original) (raw)
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Accurate Assessment of Breast Volume
Annals of Plastic Surgery, 2012
Preoperative assessment of breast volume could contribute significantly to the planning of breast-related procedures. The availability of 3D scanning technology provides us with an innovative method for doing this. We performed this study to compare measurements by this technology with breast volume measurement by water displacement. A total of 30 patients undergoing 39 mastectomies were recruited from our center. The volume of each patient's breast(s) was determined with a preoperative 3D laser scan. The volume of the mastectomy specimen was then measured in the operating theater by water displacement. There was a strong linear association between breast volumes measured using the 2 different methods when using a Pearson correlation (r ϭ 0.95, P Ͻ 0.001). The mastectomy mean volume was defined by the equation: mastectomy mean volume ϭ (scan mean volume ϫ 1.03) Ϫ70.6. This close correlation validates the Cyberware WBX Scanner as a tool for assessment of breast volume.
Annals of plastic surgery, 2017
There are several methods available for measuring breast volume in the clinical setting, but the comparability and accuracy of different methods is not well described. The ideal breast volume measurement technique should be low cost, comfortable for the patient, have no ionizing radiation and be non-invasive. Prospective cohort study comparing a 3-dimensional (3D) laser scanner versus noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for breast volume assessment. Subjects were women undergoing breast reconstruction with autologous fat graft. Both types of scan were performed the day before fat grafting and at 6 months postoperatively. Pearson correlations and Bland-Altman tests were performed to compare the assessment methods. Eighteen patients underwent preoperative breast MRI and 3D laser scanning. Eighteen patients also underwent assessment 6 months after surgery. The total number of breasts scanned for comparison was 36, with a total of 72 comparisons for analysis. There was a strong...
Breast Volumetry Using a Three-Dimensional Surface Assessment Technique
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 2011
Background Breast volume is a relevant measure for the prevention and prediction of diseases and for aesthetic surgery. This study evaluated a new technique to determine breast volume and compared measures using a threedimensional (3D) body surface scanner and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, with the latter used as the standard method. Methods Both MRI scans and body surface 3D scans were obtained from 22 women. For each method, breast volumes were assessed. The MRI calculations of the breast volumes were performed by a specially trained radiologist using analysis software. A textured 3D image was generated by a calibrated digital texture camera after breast surface data acquisition. The volume assessment of the 3D photography was calculated using a software package after manual outlining of the breast and automated projection of a dorsal limit. Linear regression was used to predict the MRI volume assessment with the 3D image volume assessment. Results The mean breast volume according to MRI volumetry was 442.8 ml on the left side and 471.8 ml on the right side. The mean breast volume using a 3D body surface volume assessment method was 273.8 ml (observer A) and 226.2 ml (observer B) on the left side and 284.4 ml (observer A) and 234.9 ml (observer B) on the right side. The use of linear regression models showed R 2 values of 0.59-0.77. The mean time for MRI recording and volume assessment was 68.0 ± 14.1 min for both sides and 11.6 ± 1.5 min for 3D recording and volume assessment. Conclusions The 3D surface-based volume measurements are feasible in terms of time and can predict the MRI breast volume with sufficient accuracy. This might facilitate the broad use of such an assessment technique in a large-scale epidemiologic study using breast volume as a study aim. Additionally, further development of volume assessments could help to implement this technique in breast surgery procedures.
Comparison between breast volume measurement using 3D surface imaging and classical techniques
The Breast, 2007
Breast; Volume; Three-dimensional imaging; 3D scan Summary Quantification of the complex breast region can be helpful in breast surgery, which is shaped by subjective influences. However, there is no generally recognized method for breast volume calculation. Three-dimensional (3D) body surface imaging represents a new alternative for breast volume computation. The aim of this work was to compare breast volume calculation with 3D scanning and three classic methods, focusing on relative advantages, disadvantages, and reproducibility. Repeated breast volume calculations of both breasts in six patients (n ¼ 12) were performed using a 3D laser scanner, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), thermoplastic castings, and anthropomorphic measurements. Mean volumes (cc) and mean measurement deviations were calculated, and regression analyses were performed. MRI showed the highest measurement precision, with a mean deviation (expressed as a percentage of mean breast volume) of 1.5670.52% (L. Kovacs). compared with 2.2770.99% for the 3D scanner, 7.9773.53% for thermoplastic castings, and 6.2671.56% for the anthropomorphic measurements. Breast volume calculations using MRI showed the best agreement with 3D scanning measurement (r ¼ 0.990), followed by anthropomorphic measurement (r ¼ 0.947), and thermoplastic castings (r ¼ 0.727). Compared with three classical methods of breast volume calculation, 3D scanning provides acceptable accuracy for breast volume measurements, better spatial interpretation of the anatomical area to be operated on (due to lack of chest deformation), non-invasiveness, and good patient tolerance. After this preliminary study and further development, we believe that 3D body surface scanning could provide better preoperative planning and postoperative control in everyday clinical practice.
Using Body Scan Technology (Computer-Aided Anthropometry) to Measure Breast Volume
Proceedings of the 1st Asian Workshop on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Tokyo, Japan, 17-18 April 2012, 2012
Assessment of breast volume is an important tool for preoperative planning in various breast surgeries and other applications, such as bra development. Accurate assessment can improve the consistency and quality of surgery outcomes. This study outlines a non-invasive method to measure breast volume using a whole body 3D laser surface anatomy scanner, the Cyberware WBX. It expands on a previous publication where this method was validated against patients undergoing mastectomy. It specifically outlines and expands the computer-aided anthropometric (CAA) method for extracting breast volumes in a non-invasive way from patients enrolled in a breast reduction study at Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia. This step-by-step description allows others to replicate this work and provides an additional tool to assist them in their own clinical practice and development of designs.
Measurement of breast volume using body scan technology (computer-aided anthropometry)
Work-a Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation, 2012
Assessment of breast volume is an important tool for preoperative planning in various breast surgeries and other applications, such as bra development. Accurate assessment can improve the consistency and quality of surgery outcomes. This study outlines a non-invasive method to measure breast volume using a whole body 3D laser surface anatomy scanner, the Cyberware WBX. It expands on a previous publication where this method was validated against patients undergoing mastectomy. It specifically outlines and expands the computer-aided anthropometric (CAA) method for extracting breast volumes in a non-invasive way from patients enrolled in a breast reduction study at Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia. This step-bystep description allows others to replicate this work and provides an additional tool to assist them in their own clinical practice and development of designs.
2021
Introduction Three-dimensional surface imaging (3D-SI) of the breasts enables the measurement of anthropometric distances and breast volume. These measurements may be used in surgical planning and to facilitate clear communication with patients. The aim of this study was to compare measurements using a portable 3D-SI system, Crisalix, with a more established non-mobile camera, the VECTRA XT. Methods Participants were imaged three times using the Crisalix and the VECTRA XT system. Breast volume, sternal notch to nipple distance, nipple to nipple distance and breast width were measured. Intra-observer agreement was measured using the co-efficient of variation (CV). Agreement between the two methods was represented with Bland Altman agreement plots. Results Intra-method variation was low for both methods (maximum CV 3.3% for Crisalix and 3.2% for VECTRA XT), with only nipple-to-nipple distance being statistically significant, marginally in favour of VECTRA. The mean inter-method differ...
Impact of skin removal on quantitative measurement of breast density using MRI
Medical Physics, 2010
In breast MRI, skin and fibroglandular tissue commonly possess similar signal intensities, and as such, the inclusion of skin as dense tissue leads to an overestimation in the measured density. This study investigated the impact of skin to the quantitative measurement of breast density using MRI. Methods: The analysis was performed on the normal breasts of 50 women using nonfat-saturated ͑nonfat-sat͒ T1 weighted MR images. The skin was segmented by using a dynamic searching algorithm, which was based on the change in signal intensities from the background air ͑dark͒, to the skin ͑moderate͒, and then to the fatty tissue ͑bright͒. Tissue with moderate intensities that fell between the two boundaries determined based on the intensity gradients ͑from air to skin, and from skin to fat͒ was categorized as skin. The percent breast density measured with and without skin exclusion was compared. Also the relationship between the skin volume and the breast volume was investigated. Then, this relationship was used to estimate the skin volume from the breast volume for skin correction. Results: The percentage of the skin volume normalized to the breast volume ranged from 5.0% to 15.2% ͑median 8.6%, meanϮ STD 8.8Ϯ 2.6%͒ among 50 women. The percent breast densities measured with skin ͑y͒ and without skin ͑x͒ were highly correlated, y = 1.23x +7% ͑r = 0.94, p Ͻ 0.001͒. The relationship between the skin volume and the breast volume was analyzed based on transformed data ͑the square root of the skin volume vs the cube root of breast volume͒ using the linear regression, and yielded r = 0.87, p Ͻ 0.001. When this model was used to estimate the skin volume for correction in the density analysis, it provided a better fit to the measured density with skin exclusion ͑with adjusted R 2 = 0.98, and root mean square error= 1.6͒ compared to the correction done by using a fixed cutoff value of 8% ͑adjusted R 2 = 0.83, root mean square error= 4.7͒. Conclusions: The authors have shown that the skin volume is related to the breast volume, and this relationship may be used to correct for the skin effect in the MRI-based density measurement. A reliable quantitative density analysis method will aid in clinical investigation to evaluate the role of breast density for cancer risk assessment or for prediction of the efficacy of risk-modifying drugs using hormonal therapy.
The Cost Effectiveness of Three Different Measures of Breast Volume
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 2006
Background Several methods including water displacement, casting, the Grossman–Roudner measuring device, photographs, mammograms, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been proposed for the measurement of breast volume. The most cost-effective method has not been determined. Methods This study compared breast volume measurements using the Grossman–Roudner measuring device (a piece of circular plastic with a cut along a radius line), plaster casting, and MRI. The Grossman–Roudner measuring device was formed into a cone around the breast, and the volume was read from a graduated scale on the overlapping edges. The volume of the cast was measured using a butter–sand mixture and water displacement. The volume from the MRI slices was calculated using the ANALYZE bioimaging software. For five women with breast sizes AA, A, B, C, and D, the three volume measures were repeated three times. For a single volume measurement, the cost of the time and materials was 1fortheGrossman–Roudnercone,1 for the Grossman–Roudner cone, 1fortheGrossman–Roudnercone,20 for the cast, and $1,400 for the MRI. Using the mean and standard deviations of the measurements, a power analysis determined the number of subjects needed to detect a 5% change in volume. The number of subjects was multiplied by the price per test to determine relative cost. Results As compared with the cost for the Grossman–Roudner cone method, the cost for the volume measurements was 64 to 189 times more using the cast and 373 to 33,500 more using MRI. Conclusions The Grossman–Roudner cone was clearly the most cost-effective method for determining breast volume changes in studies testing topical therapies to alter breast size.
World Journal of Surgery, 2018
Background The resection volume in relation to the breast volume is known to influence cosmetic outcome following breast-conserving therapy. It was hypothesised that three-dimensional ultrasonography (3-D US) could be used to preoperatively assess breast and tumour volume and show high association with histopathological measurements. Methods Breast volume by the 3D-US was compared to the water displacement method (WDM), mastectomy specimen weight, 3-D MRI and three different calculations for breast volume on mammography. Tumour volume by the 3-D US was compared to the histopathological tumour volume and 3-D MRI. Relatedness was based on the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Bland-Altman plots were used to graphically display the agreement for the different assessment techniques. All measurements were performed by one observer. Results A total of 36 patients were included, 20 and 23 for the evaluation of breast and tumour volume (ductal invasive carcinomas), respectively. 3-D US breast volume showed 'excellent' association with WDM, ICC 0.92 [95% CI (0.80-0.97)]. 3-D US tumour volume showed a 'excellent' association with histopathological tumour volume, ICC 0.78 [95% CI (0.55-0.91)]. Bland-Altman plots showed an increased overestimation in lager tumour volumes measured by 3-D MRI compared to histopathological volume. Conclusions 3-D US showed a high association with gold standard WDM for the preoperative assessment of breast volume and the histopathological measurement of tumour volume. 3-D US is an patient-friendly preoperative available technique to calculate both breast volume and tumour volume. Volume measurements are promising in outcome prediction of intended breast-conserving treatment.