Life Cycle Assessment of Solid Waste Generation During and Before Pandemic of COVID-19 in Bali Province (original) (raw)
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Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2015
Hazardous and toxic materials are not only produced by industrial sectors. But also by household sector. Unfortunately, no establish regulation and standard operational procedure was found for handling HHW. Most of HHW are currently mixed with domestics waste. So that, it can impact on the health and the reduction environment quality. The research aimed to produce the most effective and efficient model of household hazardous waste by considering the impact on the environment especially related to global warming and the indicator of greenhouse gas emissions. This research used Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach according to ISO 14040 : 2006 by using 150 kg of household hazardous waste. The impact category (LCIA) was observed and limited on global warming with the indicator of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The LCIA method used was IPCC 2007 GWP 100a V1.01 by using Simapro program version 7.1. The result show, recycling HHW is the best scenario based on the LCA approach. The impact of greenhouse gases emissions is only about 135,25 kg COâ‚‚ eq release to environment.
2017
This paper evaluates the level of household hazardous waste (HHW) contamination due to the current local Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) practices and proposes applicable solutions through improvement of current recycling facilities and the inclusion of HHW management system in Indonesia. HHW contamination is indicated by the concentration of Hg, Pb and Cd at Padang Municipal Landfill. Evaluation on current MSWM shows that Padang City does not practice source-separated collection, enough waste recycling activities, and HHW management system. Those conditions result in HHW-contaminated waste, which causes the concentration of Hg, Pb, and Cd at the landfill site exceeds the national maximum limit. The LCA model, Integrated Solid Waste Management Model (ISWM), was used for comparing the heavy metal concentrations of current MSWM and 2 improved scenarios. The LCA on improved scenario #1 results in the reduced concentration of the heavy metals by around 12.76%. Meanwhile, the inc...
Science of the Total Environment, 2022
Disposal of medical waste (MW) must be considered as a vital need to prevent the spread of pandemics during Coronavirus disease of the pandemic in 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in the globe. In addition, many concerns have been raised due to the significant increase in the generation ofMWin recent years. A structured evaluation is required as a framework for the quantifying of potential environmental impacts of the disposal ofMWwhich ultimately leads to the realization of sustainable development goals (SDG). Life cycle assessment (LCA) is considered as a practical approach to examine environmental impacts of any potential processes during all stages of a product's life, including material mining, manufacturing, and delivery. As a result, LCA is known as a suitable method for evaluating environmental impacts for the disposal of MW. In this research, existing scenarios for MW with a unique approach to emergency scenarios for the management of COVID-19 medical waste (CMW) are investigated. In the next step, LCA and its stages are defined comprehensively with the CMW management approach. Moreover, ReCiPe2016 is the most up-to-date method for computing environmental damages in LCA. Then the application of this method for defined scenarios of CMW is examined, and interpretation of results is explained regarding some examples. In the last step, the process of selecting the best environmental-friendly scenario is illustrated by applying weighting analysis. Finally, it can be concluded that LCA can be considered as an effective method to evaluate the environmental burden of CMW management scenarios in present critical conditions of the world to support SDG.
LCA is a popular tool widely used to assess the environmental impact of waste management systems, which is illustrated by the substantial number of LCA computer models specifically addressing this subject. Due to the complex nature of waste management modelling and the range of country-specific data, as well as lack of harmonization, it has been observed that there are large discrepancies between the results using different models. Many studies have underlined the necessity of clearly identifying both the scope and methodological assumptions of LCAs in order to have confidence in the results. Therefore, the paper presented here reveals several methodology-related issues. The study tests two different pieces of LCA software, i.e. IWM-2 (designed specifically for MSW) and SimaPro (a generic and widely used LCA software). The pieces of software were used to LCA an MSW scenario and the results obtained (calculated using Ecoindicator'99 H/A) were compared to show the strengths and weaknesses of these tools, i.e., generic software usually treats the waste as a set of separate fractions, not as a whole mass, which means that the software is not highly sensitive to the composition of the waste and does not take into account the environmental impacts produced as a result of the interaction between the waste components after mixing. As waste composition is very important in planning, one study combines these two software packages to get final results, i.e., data generated by IWM-2 were entered into SimaPro. The discussion is built around a case study in Poland where waste management scenarios have been analyzed. The research carried out has shown that having the same initial inventory data collected on the basis of the same assumptions and with the same boundaries to the system model used and using the same method of LCIA to assess the impact on the environment, may not produce the same end results. In the presented study, the main differences in the LCIA results appeared in four output-related impact categories: carcinogens, climate change, ecotoxicity, and eutrophication/acidification, and for one input related impact category -fossil fuels. Four reasons responsible for these differences are identified:
2017
This paper focuses on developing the role of people participation through solid waste banks (SWB) and 3R waste treatment facilities (TPS 3R) for mitigating global warming in Padang City. Current municipal solid waste (MSW) management and 3 improved scenarios were simulated for the next 20 years to calculate the impact on global warming. Greenhouse gases (GHG) inventory of waste treatment activities was carried out using LCA methodology. Meanwhile, methane emission from solid waste decomposition at landfill was calculated using IPCC software. Current MSW management practices show the achievement of waste recycling rate was only 2.178 % of total waste generation in 2015. Simulation results also show that implementing the current practice will release GHG emissions of 123.54 Gg CO2eq in 2035. Improved scenario #3 suggests to increase the number of SWB, TPS 3R, integrated waste treatment facilities (TPST) and to install methane gas recovery. This improvement increases the recycling rate...
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan, 2016
Municipal solid waste sector is considered as one of major contributors for Greenhouse Gasses (GHGs). GHGs that are CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O were emitted from any waste management stages including waste transportation, treatment and disposal. The paper aims to predict GHGs emission from the last two stages above using the guidelines issued by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) year of 2006. By comparing amount of waste generation at source and waste comes to landfill site, it can be found that the municipality only transport 68% of total 174 ton/day waste generated throughout the city. Percentage of waste to be composted and openly burned were 3.25 and 0.06 % of total waste generated, respectively. Organic waste, plastics and paper were dominantly found at final disposal site by 41, 31 and 9 %, respectively. GHGs emission from landfilling becomes a major source and it equals to 50,010 ton CO 2 equivalent/year. The second largest of GHGs generator is waste burning equals to 340 ton CO 2 equivalent/year. While waste composting generates 10 ton CO 2 equivalent/year. Amount of GHGs emission can be reduced by reducing amount of waste to be landfilled and improving better practice at final disposal. Further, any measures regarding with Reduce, Reuse and Recycling (3R) of waste becomes important to be improved to reduce GHGs emission.
Advances in Environmental Technology, 2021
Climate change includes global warming driven by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. Tehran, Iran, has a population of 13 million (2017) and produces about 13,000 tons of municipal solid waste per day and 4.7 million tons annually. This study used the life cycle assessment (LCA) method to calculate all the emissions in different scenarios for Tehran's waste management. The IWM model was used for Phase II of the LCA. The results of the proposed scenarios showed that the highest emission was from greenhouse gases (GHG), which were9.6, 3.2, and 2.7 million tons in the first, second, and third scenarios, respectively. The IPCC reports and the results from the life cycle inventories were used to calculate the social cost analysis for the scenarios based on the CO2 equivalents. The third scenario caused a 71.8% and 17.2% reduction in terms of social costs compared to the first and second scenarios, respectively. Thus, according to the importance of greenhouse gases in global warming, employing a third scenario in the waste management system could effectively reduce greenhouse gases in Tehran.
Environment Protection Engineering
The Republic of Serbia as a candidate country for the EU is obliged to comply with EU directives. This refers to the waste management sector as well. Different goals need to be fulfilled and the current waste management practice has to be improved in order to meet all regulatory EU requirements. Therefore, any piece of information that would support future waste management decisions is of great significance for developing and streamlining future strategies. The life cycle assessment (LCA) is a popular tool widely used for assessment of environmental impacts of waste management systems. This paper focuses on a LCA of four waste management scenarios used in selected region in Serbia (South Backa) and five indicators for the comparison and evaluation of municipal solid waste management strategies. The analysis includes the current situation of waste management in this region, as the base scenario, and three alternative scenarios. The combined life cycle inventory (LCI) model and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method has been used to evaluate the municipal solid waste system with the purpose of identifying environmental benefits and disadvantages, as well as economic cost of defined scenarios of waste management systems that could be implemented. The results clearly indicate the difference between the scenarios and show the influence of implementation of composting, RDF treatment, incineration and increased recycling rates on the environmental performance and economic cost of municipal solid waste management in the South Backa region.
Using life cycle assessment for municipal solid waste management in Tehran Municipality Region 20
Environmental Health Engineering and Management, 2017
Background: Due to the lack of a proper waste management system, Tehran Municipality Region 20 is facing economic and environmental problems such as the high costs of a disposal system and source pollution. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method for collecting and evaluating the inputs, outputs, and potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. The current study purposed to provide a stable and optimized system of solid waste management in Tehran Municipality Region 20. Methods: The LCA method was used to evaluate various scenarios and compare the effects on environmental aspects of management systems. Four scenarios were defined based on existing and possible future waste management systems for this region. These scenarios were considered with different percentages for source separation, composting, recycling, and energy recovery. Results: Based on the results of this study, Scenario 4 (source separation [14%] + composting [30%] + municipal recycling facility [MRF] [20%] + energy recovery [10%] + landfilling [26%]) was found to be the option with the minimum environmental impact. In the absence of government support and sufficient funds for establishing energy recovery facilities, the third scenario (source separation [14%] + composting [30%] +MRF [20%] + landfilling [36%]) is recommended. Conclusion: The results acquired from this investigation will confirm the belief that LCA as an environmental device may be successfully used in an integrated solid waste management system (ISWMS) as a support tool for decision-making.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 2012
This research centers on the development and application of a customized integrated waste management environmental assessment (IWMEA) modeling tool for developing countries. A prime objective is to evolve an effective Solid Waste Management (SWM) scheme which meets cost, energy, and safe environmental emissions. SWM system consisting of several unit processes which includes collection, transfer, sorting, treatment (e.g. combustion, composting, recycling), and final disposal. In the study, waste is categorized into 48 items and their generation rates are defined for three types of sectors: single-family dwelling, multi-family dwelling, and commercial. The mass flow of each item through all possible combinations of unit processes is represented in a linear programming model using a unique modeling approach. Cost, energy consumption, and environmental emissions associated with waste processing at each unit process are computed in a set of specially implemented unit model. The Life Cycle Assessment approach is used to compute energy consumption and emissions of CO, , NO x , SO x , particulate matter, PM 10 and greenhouse gases. A fuzzy multi-criteria decision support tool called IWMEA model for environmental assessment of integrated waste was developed.