Early and Middle Woodland in the Upper Ohio Drainage (original) (raw)
2020, The Archaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania Vol. 1, Edited by Kurt W. Carr, Christopher A. Bergman, Christina B. Rieth, Bernard K. Means and Roger W. Moeller, pp. 243-279. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
Abstract
This is a 2012 draft of a paper summarizing what we know about the Early and Middle Woodland from Western Pennsyvlania.
Loading Preview
Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.
References (193)
- Adovasio, J.M., G.F. Fry, J. Zakucia, and J. Gunn 1974 The Boarts Site: A Lithic Workshop in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 44(1-2):31-112.
- Adovasio, J. M., J. D. Gunn, J. Donahue and R. Stuckenrath 1977 Meadowcroft Rockshelter: Retrospective 1976. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 47(2-3):1-93.
- Adovasio, J.M., J. Donahue, R.C. Carlisle, K. Cushman, R. Stuckenrath and P. Wiegman 1984 Meadowcroft Rockshelter and the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in Southwestern Pennsylvania. In Contributions in Quaternary Vertebrate Paleontology: A Volume in Memorial to John E. Guilday, edited by Hugh H. Genoways and Mary R. Dawson, pp. 347-369. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 8, Pittsburgh.
- Adovasio, J.M., R. Fryman, A.G. Quinn, D.R. Pedler, and S. Prescott 1998 The Appearance of Cultigens and the Early Woodland Period in Southwestern Pennsylvania. Paper presented at the 63 rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Seattle, Washington, 25-29
- March. Alam, Emil 1961 A Preliminary Report on a Stratified Site at Ohioview, Pa. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 31(2):61-77.
- County, Pa. Milestone 2(3):35-37, 48.
- Applegarth, J. D., and V. L. Cowin 1982 Excavations at Cross Creek Village (36WH293) and the Avella Mound (36WH415), Washington County, Southwestern Pennsylvania. In Meadowcroft: Collected Papers on the Archaeology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter and the Cross Creek Drainage. Edited by R.C. Carlisle and J.M. Adovasio, pp. 241-256, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Asch, D. and N. Asch 1985 Prehistoric Plant Cultivation in West-Central Illinois. In Prehistoric Food Production in North America, edited by R. I. Ford, pp. 149-203.
- Bache, Charles, and Linton Satterthwaite, Jr. 1930 The Excavation of an Indian Burial Mound at Beech Bottom, West Virginia. The Museum Journal 21(3-4):133-188. The Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
- Ballweber, Hettie L. 1989 A Study of Six Early/Middle Woodland Sites in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 59(20):46-99.
- Bliss, Wesley 1942 Archaeological Field Activity of the Pennsylvania Historical Commission in 1941. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 12 (1): 35-38.
- Carlisle, R. C. and J. M. Adovasio editors 1982 Meadowcroft: Selected Papers on the Archaeology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter and the Cross Creek Drainage. Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Carpenter, Edmund S. 1949 The Ancient Mounds of Pennsylvania, Vol. 1 and 2. Ms. on file at the Section of Archaeology, The State Museum of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg.
- 1951 Tumuli in Southwestern Pennsylvania. American Antiquity 16(4): 329-346.
- 1956 The Irvine, Cornplanter and Corydon Mounds, Warren County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 26(2):89-115.
- Carpenter, Edmund S. and Harry L. Schoff 1951 Nelson Mound, Crawford County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 21(3-4):57-59.
- Carr, Christopher 2008 Social and Ritual Organization. In The Scioto Hopewell and their Neighbors, edited by D. Troy Case and Christopher Carr, pp. 151-288.
- Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, New York.
- Chapman, Jefferson, and Gary D. Crites 1987 Evidence for Early Maize (Zea mays) from the Icehouse Bottom Site, Tennessee. American Antiquity 52(2):352-354.
- Clark, Neil A., Stanley W. Lantz and William J. Robinson 1960 The Danner Mound. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 30(2):37-45.
- Clay, R. Berle 1986 Adena Ritual Spaces. In Early Woodland Archaeology, edited by Kenneth B. Farnsworth and Thomas E. Emerson, pp. 581-597.
- 2005 Adena: Rest in Peace? In Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, edited by D. Applegate and R. C. Mainfort, Jr., pp. 94-110, The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
- Conard, N., D.L. Asch, N.B. Asch, D. Elmore, H. Grove, M. Rubin, J.A. Brown, M.D. Wiant, K.B. Farnsworth and T.G. Cook 1984 Accelerator Radiocarbon Dating Evidence for Prehistoric Horticulture In Illinois. Nature 308:443-446.
- Cowin, Verna 1981 1980-1981 Archaeological Survey in Region VII, West Central Pennsylvania. Section of Man, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh. 1985 The Woodland Periods. In A Comprehensive State Plan for the Conservation of Archaeological Resources, Vol. II, edited by Paul A. Raber, pp. 185-193, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.
- Cushman, K.A. Pennsylvania. In Meadowcroft: Collected Papers on the Archaeology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter and the Cross Creek Drainage. Edited by R.C. Carlisle and J.M. Adovasio, pp. 207-220, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Cutler, Hugh C. and Leonard W. Blake 1984 Plant Materials from the Fairchance Site. West Virginia Archaeologist 36(1):65-68.
- Davis, Christine E. 1983 A Cultural Resource Survey of the Loyalhanna Lake. Section of Man, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh. 1988 Phase III Data Recovery: the Dravo #1 Site, 36BV240. Report Prepared for the Dravo Corporation and Standard Agregates, Inc., Section of Anthropology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh.
- Phase II Archaeological Survey and Phase III Data Recovery Enlow Fork Mine Expansion: Archer Run Surface Facility, Morris Township, Washington County, Morris Township, Greene County, Pennsylvania ER#2004-2549-042. Report prepared for Consol Pennsylvania Coal Company, Verona, Pennsylvania.
- Davis, Christine E., and Stanley W. Lantz 1987 Phase I/II Cultural Resouce Survey of the Georgetown Project, Beaver County, Pennsylvania. Section of Anthropology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Dragoo, Don W. 1955 The Linn Mound, an Upper Ohio Valley Adena Stone Mound. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 25(1):58-69.
- 1956 Excavation at the Watson Site, 46Hk34, Hancock County, West Virginia. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 26(2):59-88.
- 1963 Mounds for the Dead: an Analysis of the Adena Culture. Annals of Carnegie Museum Vol. 37, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- 1971 Adena in the Upper Ohio Valley. In Foundations of Pennsylvania Prehistory, edited by Barry C. Kent, Ira F. Smith, III and Catherine McCann, pp. 203-222, Anthropological Series of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Number 1, Harrisburg.
- 1976 Adena and the Eastern Burial Cult. Archaeology of Eastern North America. 4:1-9.
- Dragoo, Don W. and Donald P. Tanner 1969 Archeological Survey and Salvage U.S. Department of Agriculture Project PA. #650 Green County, Pennsylvania. National Park Service Project Contract No. 14-10-5-950-22, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, PA. Ms. on file at Section of Anthropology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh.
- Dragoo, Don W., Richard L. George and Donald P. Tanner 1969 Excavations at Selected Archaeological Sites in the Chartiers Valley in Western Pennsylvania. National Park Service Project No. 14-10-5-950-11, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. Ms. on f ile at Section of Anthropology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh.
- Ericksen, Annette G. and Mark A. McConaughy 2002 Floral Remains from Watson Farm Light Fraction Flotation Samples. West Virginia Archaeologist 54(1-2):335-40.
- Espinshade, C. T. 1999 The Trouble with Roasting Pits. West Virginia Archaeologist 51(1-2):11-30.
- Faingnaert, D., K. Lord and J. E. Guilday 1977 Faunal Remains. In Meadowcroft Rockshelter: Retrospective 1976, J. M. Adovasio, J.D. Gunn, J. Donahue and R. Stuckenrath, Pennsylvania Archaeologist 47(2-3): 70-77.
- Fitzgibbons, P.T. 1982 Lithic Artifacts from Meadowcroft Rockshelter and the Cross Creek Drainage. In Meadowcroft: Collected Papers on the Archaeology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter and the Cross Creek Drainage. Edited by R.C. Carlisle and J.M. Adovasio, pp. 91-111, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Fowler, Daniel B., E. Thomas Hemmings, and Gary R. Wilkins 1976 Some Recent Additions to Adena Archaeology in West Virginia. Archaeology of Eastern North America 4:110-121
- Fritz, Gayle J. Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, edited by C. M. Scarry, pp. 39-56, University of Florida Press, Gainsville.
- Fryman, R.F. 1983 Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Cross Creek Drainage. In Meadowcroft: Collected Papers on the Archaeology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter and the Cross Creek Drainage. Edited by R.C. Carlisle and J.M. Adovasio, pp. 53-68, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- George, Richard L. 1978 The Excavation of Anderson Mound. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 48(1-2):20-32.
- 1982 Blawnox: an Upper Ohio Valley Middle Woodland Site. Annals of Carnegie Museum 51:181-209.
- 1986 Phase II Archaeological Survey of the Pennsylvania Fish Commission's Deer Creek Access Area. Section of Anthropology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh.
- 1992a Early Late Woodland in Western Pennsylvania; The Backstrum Side Notched Point Evidence. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 62(1):62-72.
- 1992b The Middle Woodland Occupation of the Sewickley Creek-Youghiogheny River Area and the Hopewell Interaction Sphere. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 62(2):1-44.
- 1998 The Early Woodland Thorpe Site and the Forest Notched Point. Archaeology of Eastern North America 26:1-32.
- 1999 Two Artifact Caches from the Blawnox Site, 36AL19. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 69(2):1-14.
- 2004 The Dunsfort Site: Black Walnuts and Middle Woodland Subsistence. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 74(2):1-34.
- George, Richard L. and Harry Bassinger 1975 The Wadding Rockshelter, 36AR21. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 45(4):1-21.
- Grantz, Denise L. 1986 Archaeological Investigation of the Crawford-Grist Site #2 (36FA262): An Early Woodland Hamlet. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 56(3-4): 1-21.
- Greber, N. 1990 A Study of Continuity and Contrast Between Central Scioto Adena and Hopewell Sites. West Virginia Archaeologist 43(1-2):1-26.
- 2005 Adena and Hopewell in the Middle Ohio Valley: To Be or Not To Be. In Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, edited By D. Applegate and R. C. Mainfort, Jr., pp. 19-39, The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
- Guilday, J. E., and P.W. Parmalee Washington County, Pennsylvania: Summary and Interpretation. In Meadowcroft: Collected Papers on the Archaeology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter and the Cross Creek Drainage. Edited by R.C. Carlisle and J.M. Adovasio, pp. 163-174, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Guilday, J. E., P. W. Parmalee and R. C. Wilson 1980 Vertebrate Faunal Remains from Meadowcroft Rockshelter (3WH297), Washington County, Pennsylvania. Ms. prepared for Meadowcroft Rockshelter report, on file Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, Erie, Pennsylvania.
- Hart, J.P. and N. Asch Sidell 1997 Additional Evidence for Early Cucurbit Use in the Northern Eastern Woodlands East of the Allegheny Front. American Antiquity 62(3):523-537.
- Hemmings, E. Thomas 1984 Fairchance Mound and Village: An Early Middle Woodland Settlement in the Upper Ohio Valley. West Virginia Archaeologist 36(1):3-52.
- 1985 West Virginia Radiocarbon Dates and Prehistory. West Virginia Archeologist 37(2):35-45.
- Herbstritt, James T. 1981 Final Report: Prehistoric Archaeological Site Survey in Pennsylvania Region II, Southwestern Pennsylvania, 1980. Ms. on file at the Section of Archaeology, the State Museum of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg.
- Jenkins, Ned. J., David H. Dye, and John A. Walthall 1986 Chapter 21: Early Ceramic Development in the Gulf Coastal P lain. In Early Woodland Archaeology, edited by Kenneth B. Farnsworth and Thomas E. Emerson, pp. 546-563, Center for American Archaeology Press, Kampsville, Illinois.
- Johnson, W. C. 1982 Ceramics from Meadowcroft Rockshelter: a Re-evaluation and Interpretation. In Meadowcroft: Collected Papers on the Archaeology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter and the Cross Creek Drainage. Edited by R.C. Carlisle and J.M. Adovasio, pp. 142-162, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Johnson, W.C., J. B. Richardson, III, and A. S. Bohnert 1979 Archaeological Site Survey in Northwest Pennsylvania, Region IV. Ms. on file at the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.
- Kay, Marvin, Frances B. King and Christine K. Robinson 1980 Cucurbits from Phillips Springs: New Evidence and Interpretations. American Antiquity 45:806-822.
- Kellogg, D.C., R.G. Kingsley, and R. Varisco 1998 Archaeological Data Recovery at the Mayview Depot and Mayview Bend Sites, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Report prepared for The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Engineering District 11-0, John Milner Associates, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania.
- Kent, Barry C., Ira F. Smith and Catherine McCann, editors 1971 Foundations of Pennsylvania Prehistory. Anthropological Series of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Number 1, The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.
- King, Frances B. 1985 Early Cultivated Cucurbits in Eastern North America. In Prehistoric Food Production in North America, edited by Richard I. Ford, pp. 73-97. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology Anthropological Papers, No. 75, Ann Arbor. 1998 Plant Remains from the Thorpe Site (36AL285). Archaeology of Eastern North America 26:20-21.
- Kingsley, R.G., P.E. Siegel, and T.L. Benedict 1994 The Barking Road Site: A Multicomponent Prehistoric Occupation In Plum Borough Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Report prepared for the CNG Transmission Corporation. John Milner Associates, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania, in conjunction with NPW Consultants, Inc., Uniontown, Pennsylvania.
- Lantz, Stanley W. 1982 A Cultural Resource Survey of L.R. 93 (T.R. 62) Irvine Bridge Located Near the Town of Irvine, Warren County, Pennsylvania. Report submitted to Kozel Engineering Company, Inc. and on file at the Bureau for Historic Preservation, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, ER #81-0513-123.
- 1989 Age, Distribution and Cultura l Affiliation of Raccoon Notched Point Varieties in Western Pennsylvania and Western New York. Bulletin Of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 28.
- Lantz, Stanley W., and Gary W. Lantz 1980 An Archaeological Site Survey for the Northwest Erie County Regional Sewer Authority. Section of Man, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, P ittsburgh.
- Levy, Richard S., and Ruth G. Myers 1983 Archaeological Survey of Site 36Fa363. Submitted to Pittsburgh District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Copy on file at the Bureau for Historic Preservation, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
- Long, Susan E. 1992 The Paleoethnobotanical Record of Barking Road Site (TL469) in Plum Borough, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. In The Barking Road Site: A Multicomponent Prehistoric Occupation in Plum Borough, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, Robert G. Kingsley, Peter E. Siegel and Tod L. Benedict, John Milner Associates, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1994.
- MacDonald, Douglas H. 2000
- Phase I, II, and III Archaeological Investigations: The Coverts Crossing Crossing Site (36Lr75) Volumes 1 and 2. Report prepared for Frank B. Taylor Engineering, GAI Consultants, Inc., Monroeville, Pennsylvania.
- Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. 1989 Adena Chiefdoms? Evidence from Wright Mound. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 14(2):164-178.
- Maslowski, Robert F. and David L. Dawson 1980 Childers: A Terminal Late Woodland Village. West Virginia Archaeologist (29)2.
- Maslowski, Robert F., Charles M. Niquette and Derek M. Wingfield 1995 The Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia Radiorcabon Database. West Virginia Archeologist 47(1-2).
- Mayer-Oakes, William J. 1955 Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley; an Introductory Archaeological Study. Annals of Carnegie Museum, Vol. 34, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- McConaughy, Mark A. 1989 The Early Woodland Period of Western Pennsylvania. Paper presented at the 60 th Annual Meeting of the Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology, April 29-30, 1989, Edinboro, Pennsylvania.
- 1990 Early Woodland Mortuary Practices in Western Pennsylvania. West Virginia Archaeologist 42(2):1-10.
- 2000 The Watson Farm Site (46Hk34): a Possible Late Middle Woodland Village in the Panhandle of West Virginia. Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology Meeting, April 6, 2000, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Village in the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia. West Virginia Archaeologist 54(1-2):1-34.
- 2005 Middle Woodland Cache Blades: Blanks or Finished Tools?. MCJA 30(2):217-258.
- 2008 Current issues in Paleoethnobotanical Research from Pennsylvania and Vicinity. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany II, edited by J. P. Hart, pp. 9-28, The New York State Education Department, Albany.
- 2011a The Early Woodland Period of Southwestern Pennsylvania and the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia: Is Big Really Better? Paper Presented at the Early Woodland Conference, Charlestown, West Virginia, June 4, 2011. 2011b Burial Ceremonialism at the Sugar Run Mound (36WA359), a Hopewellian Squawkie Hills Phase Site, Warren County, Pennsylvania. MCJA 36(1):73-104.
- McConaughy, Mark A. and Janet R. Johnson 2003. Sugar Run Mound (36Wa359) and Village (36Wa2): Hopewell/Middle Woodland in Warren County, Pennsylvania. In Foragers and Farmers of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods in Pennsylvania, edited by Paul Raber and Verna Cowin, pp. 101-116. Recent Research in Pennsylvania Archaeology No. 3, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.
- McMichael, Edward V. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 26(3-4):128-151.
- Norona, Delf 1998 Moundsville's Mammoth Mound. West Virginia Archaeological Society. NPW Consultants, Inc. 1984 Phase I Archaeological Survey and Testing of the Proposed Colvin to Tonkin Gas Transmission Line of Consolidated Gas Company: Washington, Allegheny, and Westmoreland Counties, Pennsylvania. Prepared for Michael Baker, Jr., Inc., Beaver, Pennsylvania. Ms. on file at the Bureau for Historic Preservation, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.
- Oshnock, R. 2009 Consol Site (36WM100), Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. Powerpoint CD from R. Oshnock.
- Raber, Paul A., editor 1985 A Comprehensive State Plan for the Conservation of Archaeological Resources, Vol. II., Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.
- Rafferty, Sean M. 2002 Identification of Nicotine by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy Analysis of Smoking Pipe Residue. Journal of Archaeological Science 29(8):897-907.
- Raymer, LE. and M.T. Bonhage-Freund 1998 Paleoethnobotany of the Mayview Depot and Mayview Bend Sites, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. In Archaeological Data Recovery at The Mayview Depot and Mayview Bend Sites, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, by D.C. Kellogg, R.G. Kingsley, and R. Varisco, Appendix III, Report prepared for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Engineering District 11-0, John Milner Associates, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania.
- Riley, T.J., G.R. Walz, C.J. Bareis, A.C. Fortier, and K.C. Parker 1994 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Dates Confirm Early Zea Maize in the Mississippi River Valley. American Antiquity 59:490-498.
- Ritchie, William A. 1961 A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. New York State Museum Science Service, Bulletin No. 384, Albany. 1969 The Archaeology of New York State, Revised Edition. The Natural History Press, Garden City, New York.
- Robertson, J.A., J. Schuldenrein, B.R. Roulette, Jr., D.R. Haynes Mayview Wetlands Replacement Area, Upper St. Clair Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Report prepared for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration, John Milner Associates, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania.
- Rovegno, Mary Elizabeth 1980 Seven Archaeological Surveys of Defined Areas in the Mahoning Creek Reservoir. Section of Man, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh.
- Schoff, Harry L. 1939 Preliminary Examination of the Leonhart Mound near Irvine, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 9(2):20.
- Schooley, M. P. 1902 The Peters Creek Indian Mound, Monongahela Valley, Pennsylvania. Matthew P. Schooley, Homestead, PA.
- Seeman, Mark F. 1986 Chapter 22: Adena "Houses" and the Implications for Early Woodland Settlement Models in the Ohio Valley. In Early Woodland Archaeology, edited by Kenneth B. Farnsworth and Thomas E. Emerson, pp. 564-580, Center for American Archaeology Press, Kampsville, Illinois.
- Skirboll, E. and J. Applegarth 1977 Floral Remains. In Meadowcroft Rockshelter: Retrospective 1976, J. M. Adovasio, J.D. Gunn, J. Donahue and R. Stuckenrath, Pennsylvania Archaeologist 47(2-3): 77-86.
- Smith, Bruce D., and Deena Decker-Walters 2002 The Cucubita pepo in Eastern North America: the Early History of a Domesticate. Paper Presented at the Annual Society for American Archaeology Meeting, Denver, Colorado, March 20-24.
- Solecki, Ralph 1952 Exploration of an Adena Mound at Natrium, West Virginia. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 151, pp. 313-395. Washington, D.C. Stuckenrath, R., J. M. Adovasio, J. Donahue and R. C. Carlisle 1982 The Stratigraphy, Cultural Features and Chronology at Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Washington County, Southwestern Pennsylvania. In Meadowcroft: Collected Papers on the Archaeology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter and the Cross Creek Drainage. Edited by R.C. Carlisle and J.M. Adovasio, pp. 69-90, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Swauger, James L. 1940 A Review of Mr. F. H. Gerrodette's Notes on the Excavation of McKees Rocks Mound. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 18(1):8-10, 23-24.
- Tanner, Donald P. 1984 Appendix B: Vertebrate Animals and Molluscs from Fairchance Village. In Fairchance Mound and Village: An Early Middle Woodland Settlement in the Upper Ohio Valley, by E. Thomas Hemmings, pp. 59-64, West Virginia Archaeologist 36(1):1-68.
- Taylor, William M. 1878 Ancient Mound in Western Pennsylvania. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1877, p. 306, Washington, D.C. Thomas, Cyrus 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1890-91, Washington, D.C., Reprinted 1985, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Tippins, W. M. 2011 Excavation of Glenshaw Rockshelter (36AL482), Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 81(1):28-57.
- Wymer, Dee Ann 1996 The Ohio Hopewell Econiche: Human-Land Interaction in the Core Area. In A View from the Core: a Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, edited by Paul J. Pacheco, pp. 36-53. The Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus. Reference Meadowcroft Rockshelter 36WH297 SI-1664 3065 80 1115 B.C. 1499-1112 B.C. 1101-1084 B.C. 1064-1057 B.C. 98.7% 1.0% 0.3% Adovasio et al., 1984
- 8% 98.2% Adovasio et al., 1984
- Mayview Depot Site 36AL124 Beta-92731 3030 80 1080 B.C. 1448-1039 B.C. 1033-1029 B.C.
- 2% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 2
- Mayveiw Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-96484 2990 80 1040 B.C. 1419-1005 B.C. 100% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 5
- 1% 95.9% NPW Consultants, Inc., 1985
- Mayview Depot Site 36AL124 Beta-92735 2960 120 1010 B.C. 1447-895 B.C. 869-853 B.C.
- 7% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 2
- John I. Dunn #1 36WH706 2950 60 1000 B.C. 1379-1336 B.C. 1322-999 B.C.
- 6% 96.4% Adovasio et al., 1984
- Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-79046 2900 60 950 B.C. 1288-1283 B.C. 1269-919 B.C.
- 4% 99.6% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 5
- 5% 99.5% NPW Consultants, Inc., 1985
- Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-96490 2850 60 900 B.C. 1248-1245 B.C. 1212-892 B.C. 877-847 B.C.
- Consol Site 36WM100
- 9%% 6.0% 93.1% Adovasio et al., 1984
- 4% 92.6% Adovasio et al., 1984
- 3% 0.8% 98.9% Davis 2007 Table14 Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-96493 2760 60 810 B.C. 1048-805 B.C. 100% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 5
- Grays Landing 36FA363 Beta-22592 2730 120 780 B.C. 1261-729 B.C. 692-659 B.C. 653-543 B.C. 92.8% 1.9% 5.2% Herbstritt 1988
- Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-96486 2710 50 760 B.C. 975-954 B.C. 943-797 B.C.
- Archer-Eisert 36WH260 2630 60 680 B.C. 920-741 B.C. 689-663 B.C. 647-549 B.C. 84.9% 4.9% 10.2% Davis 2007 Table14 Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-79047 2570 70 620 B.C. 840-484 B.C. 464-416 B.C 96.4%
- 6% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 5
- Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-96495 2540 70 590 B.C. 810-483 B.C. 466-415 B.C. 94.1% 5.9% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 5
- Glenshaw Rockshelter 36AL482
- Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-96485 2520 70 570 B.C. 800-482 B.C. 467-415 B.C. 92.1%
- 9% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 5
- Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-96488 2380 60 430 B.C. 756-684 B.C. 669-373 B.C. 15.4% 84.6% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 5
- 36WH297 Guilday et al. 1980..; Faingnaert et al. 1977; Guilday and Parmalee 1982; Adovasio et al. 1998 2458-2416 B.C. 2411-1767 B.C.
- Cresap Mound Charcoal from Sub- floor tomb F. 28, B. 54 46MR7 Gulf 2560 175 556 B.C. 1124-349 B.C. 311-209 B.C. 96.9% 3.1% Dragoo 1963:294
- Crawford-Grist Site #2 36FA262 DIC-3105 2430 55 480 B.C. 756-684 B.C. 669-401 B.C.
- Cresap Mound, Fea. 15 wood slab laying on top of the copper gorget 46MR7 ISGS-A1832 AMS date 2380 15 430 B.C. 484-464 B.C. 448-443 B.C. 416-398 B.C.
- 7% 5.6% 67.7% Tippins Personal Communication Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-96488 2380 60 430 B.C. 756-684 B.C. 669-373 B.C. 15.4% 84.6% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 5
- Crawford-Grist Site #2 36FA262 DIC-3061A 2370 150 420 B.C. 808-97 B.C. 100% Grantz 1986
- Site 22A 36WM453 DIC-3027 2350 50 400 B.C. 746-688 B.C. 664-646 B.C. 587-583 B.C. 553-354 B.C. 290-231 B.C.
- 3% 1.6% 0.2% 85.9% 5.1% NPW Consultants, Inc., 1985
- Meadowcroft Rockshelter 36WH297 SI-1634 2325 75 375 B.C. 751-686 B.C. 667-639 B.C. 618-615 B.C. 594-198 B.C.
- 3% 2.4% 0.1% 90.1% Adovasio et al., 1984 Meadowcroft Rockshelter 36WH297 SI-2051 2290 90 340 B.C. 749-687 B.C. 666-642 B.C. 592-576 B.C. 571-106 B.C.
- 5% 1.5% 0.7% 93.3% Adovasio et al., 1984 Gordon Landing 46WD46 UGA-953 2245 210 295 B.C 809 B.C-A.D.140
- A.D. 150-170
- A.D. 194-210
- Lock No. 3 36AL2 CP-45 2240 100 290 B.C. 728-693 B.C. 658-654 B.C. 542-38 B.C. 27-24 B.C. 9-3 B.C.
- 3% 0.1% 98.2% 0.1% 0.2% Diethorn 1956; Dragoo 1971:222
- Cresap Mound Charcoal from fill in sub-floor tomb Fea. 28, B.54 46MR7 M-976 2240 150 290 B.C. 758-683 B.C. 670 B.C.-A.D.28
- A.D. 39-49
- Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-96491 2240 60 290 B.C. 403-166 B.C. 100% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 5
- Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-96494 2240 100 290 B.C. 728-693 B.C. 658-654 B.C. 542-38 B.C. 27-24 B.C. 9-3 B.C.
- 2% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 5
- Mayview (Ballfield) Site 36AL134 UGA-6176 2220 84 270 B.C. 477-473 B.C. 414-40 B.C.
- 1% 99.9% Robertson et al. 1993:47
- Cresap Mound, Burial 48 46MR7 ISGS-A1831 AMS Date 2195 15 245 B.C. 354-339 B.C. 329-292 B.C. 231-217 B.C. 215-203 B.C.
- M-975 2190 200 240 B.C. 775 B.C.-A.D. 179
- A.D. 188-213
- Mathies Mound (aka Courtney Mounds) mammal bone assoc.with tubular pipe 36WH29 ISGS-A1849 AMS Date 2190 20 240 B.C. 353-293 B.C. 230-218 B.C. 213-202 B.C. 73.3% 12.5% 14.2% Tippins Personal Communication Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-96496 2160 70 210 B.C. 383-46 B.C. 100% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 5
- Meadowcroft Rockshelter 36WH297 SI-2487 2155 65 205 B.C. 377-48 B.C. 100% Adovasio et al., 1984 Grave Creek Mound 46MR1 UGa-1324 2150 220 200 B.C. 783 B.C.-A.D.259
- A.D. 295-322
- M-345 2130 200 180 B.C. 758-683 B.C. 670 B.C.-A.D.257
- A.D. 301-317
- A.D. 150-170
- A.D.194-210
- 4% 0.8% 0.7% Adovasio et al., 1984 Site 98A 36WM628 DIC-3035 2050 55 100 B.C. 198 B.C.-A.D. 63
- Cresap Mound Charcoal from Fea. 24, Burial 44, Elevation
- M-974 2020 150 70 B.C. 392 B.C.-A.D.260
- A.D. 282-324
- 5% 98.5% George 2004 Table 7
- Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-96487 1960 80 10 B.C. 165-127 B.C. 124 B.C.-A.D.231
- 1% 95.9% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 5
- Mayview Bend Site 36AL125 Beta-96489 1960 80 10 B.C. 165-127 B.C. 124 B.C.-A.D.231
- 1% 95.9% Kellogg et al. 1998:Table 5
- Lock No. 3 36AL2 CP-47 1900 100 A.D 50 160-134 B.C. 116 B.C.-A.D. 349
- A.D.369-378
- 4% 98.2% 0.4% Diethorn 1956; Dragoo 1971:222
- Thorpe Site 36AL285 Beta-33947 1900 60 A.D. 50 38-9 B.C.
- Crawford-Grist Site #2 36FA262 DIC 3029/3030 1490 60 A.D. 460
- A.D. 432-498
- A.D. 501-651
- 2% 79.8% Grantz 1986
- References 36WH297 Cushman (1982:214-218); Skirboll and Applegarth (1977:80)
- 46MR13 Cutler and Blake (1984:65-67)
- 36AL124 Raymer and Bonhage-Freund (1998) 36AL125 Raymer and Bonhage-Freund (1998) 36AL313 Long (1992) 36WH477 King (2004)
- 36HK34 (McConaughy 2002:25) and (Ericksen and McConaughy 2002)
- A.D. 563-897
- A.D. 922-942
- A.D. 656-890 100% Lantz 1989:34
- A.D. 689-752
- A.D. 761-983
- A.D. 670-1053
- A.D. 1079-1153