Measurment of Circulating Thyroid Microsomal Antibodies by the Tanned Red Cell Haemagglutination Technique: Its Usefulness in the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases (original) (raw)
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Microsomal and Thyroglobulin Antibodies in Thyroid Disorders
Medical journal, Armed Forces India, 1995
Eighty patients with various thyroid disorders and 20 controls were investigated to determine antibodies against thyroglobulin and microsomal antigens by haemagglutination and immunofluorescent techniques. They were also tested for immunoglobulin profile by radial immunodiffusion methods. Patients with Hashimoto's disease, idiopathic hypothyroidism, and Grave's disease showed significant elevations of IgG. None of the patients with toxic nodular goitre or thyroid adenoma showed any thyroid antibodies while 69.2% patients with Grave's disease, 16% with euthyroid goitre, 58.3% with hypothyroidism and all the patients with Hashimoto's disease had microsomal antibodies by immunofluorescent test. Similarly, all the cases of Hashimoto's disease, 41.6% of those with hypothyroidism, 30% of Grave's disease patients and none of the patients with toxic nodule or thyroid adenoma had thyroglobulin antibodies by haemaglutination test. Evaluation for auto-antibodies may aid...
The Usefulness of Thyroid Antibodies in the Diagnostic Approach to Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Autoimmune thyroid disease refers to a spectrum of various diseases, with two extremes of clinical presentation, hypo-thyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), and hyperthyroidism (Graves-Basedow disease). Both conditions are character-ized by presenting a cellular and humoral autoimmune reaction, with an increase in the synthesis and secretion of an-tibodies directed towards various thyroid antigens, together with a phenomenon of thyrocyte necrosis and apoptosis (in Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and a persistent thyrotropin-receptor stimulation (in Graves-Basedow disease). The diagnosis of both entities is based on the clinical, laboratory and imaging findings. In this review, the usefulness of thyroid antibodies in the diagnostic approach to autoimmune thyroid disease is de-scribed.
To Study Level of Antithyroglobulin Antibodies in Case of Autoimmune Thyroiditis
International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies, 2021
Background & Method: The present study titled “To study level of Antithyroglobulin Antibodies in case of Autoimmune Thyroiditis” was conducted among the patients at Amaltas Institute of Medical Sciences. Dewas Patients coming to any clinical department with thyroid swelling during the study period were randomly selected for the study. After complete history and thorough clinical examination, FNAC was being performed with a 22 gauge needle in 10 ml syringe with or without USG guidance as per requirement. Result: In the present study, all the cases presented with a neck swelling. 71 (71%) out of the 100 cases had painful swelling while 29 (29%) presented with painless swelling. The levels of antithyroglobulin antibodies were found to be above 100 IU/ml in all the cases studied. 35 cases had levels between 100-500, 58 between 501-1000 and 7 above 1000 IU/ml. Conclusion: The cytomorphological details in cases of autoimmune thyroiditis, to study the level of antithyroglobulin antibodies ...
Significance of Prediagnostic Thyroid Antibodies in Women with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2011
Introduction: Antibodies to thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroperoxidase (TPO), and TSH receptor (TSH-R) are prevalent in autoimmune thyroid diseases. We aimed to assess whether females with Graves disease or Hashimoto thyroiditis are more likely than age-matched controls to have thyroid antibodies before clinical diagnosis and to measure the timing of antibody seroconversion. Methods: This was a nested case-control study using the Department of Defense Serum Repository and the Defense Medical Surveillance System, 1998-2007. We assessed thyroid antibodies in the serum of 522 female, active-duty, military personnel including: 87 Graves disease cases, 87 Hashimoto thyroiditis cases, and 348 age matched controls. One serum sample was available at the time of the clinical diagnosis (Ϯ6 months); three additional samples were retrieved from the repository up to 7 yr before the clinical diagnosis, for a total of 2088 samples. Results: In Hashimoto thyroiditis, TPO antibodies were found in about 66% of the cases at all time points. Tg antibodies showed a similar stationary trend, at a lower prevalence of about 53%at all time points. No TSH-R antibodies were found. In Graves disease, TPO antibodies gradually increased from 31% at 5-7 yr prior to diagnosis to 57% at diagnosis and Tg antibodies from 18 to 47%. TSH-R antibodies were present before diagnosis and showed an increasing prevalence from 2, 7, 20, to 55%. Conclusions: Antibodies to Tg, TPO, and TSH-R precede by years the development of the diagnostic autoimmune thyroid diseases phenotype. Overall, the presence of thyroid antibodies in apparently healthy individuals should not be neglected.
Autoimmune thyroid disorders—An update
Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2005
Background: Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), a common organ specific autoimmune disorder is seen mostly in women between 30–50 yrs of age. Thyroid autoimmunity can cause several forms of thyroiditis ranging from hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) to hyperthyroidism (Graves’Disease). Prevalence rate of autoimmune mediated hypothyroidism is about 0.8 per 100 and 95% among them are women. Graves’ disease is about one tenth as common as hypothyroidism and tends to occur more in younger individuals. Both these disorders share many immunologic features and the disease may progress from one state to other as the autoimmune process changes. Genetic, environmental and endogenous factors are responsible for initiation of thyroid autoimmunity. At present the only confirmed genetic factor lies in HLA complex (HLA DR-3) and the T cell regulatory gene (CTLA 4). A number of environmental factors like viral infection, smoking, stress & iodine intake are associated with the disease progression. The development of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPO) thyroglobulin (TG) and Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSH R) is the main hallmark of AITD. Circulating T Lymphocytes are increased in AITD and thyroid gland is infiltrated with CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells. Wide varieties of cytokines are produced by infiltrated immune cells, which mediate cytotoxicity leading to thyroid cell destruction. Circulating antibodies to TPO and TG are measured by immunofluorescense, hemagglutination, ELISA & RIA. TSHR antibodies of Graves’ disease can be measured in bioassays or indirectly in assays that detect antibody binding to the receptor.
Thyroid Autoimmunity: Role of Anti-thyroid Antibodies in Thyroid and Extra-Thyroidal Diseases
Frontiers in Immunology, 2017
Autoimmune diseases have a high prevalence in the population, and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is one of the most common representatives. Thyroid autoantibodies are not only frequently detected in patients with AITD but also in subjects without manifest thyroid dysfunction. The high prevalence raises questions regarding a potential role in extra-thyroidal diseases. This review summarizes the etiology and mechanism of AITD and addresses prevalence of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), and anti-thyroglobulin and their action outside the thyroid. The main issues limiting the reliability of the conclusions drawn here include problems with different specificities and sensitivities of the antibody detection assays employed, as well as potential confounding effects of altered thyroid hormone levels, and lack of prospective studies. In addition to the well-known effects of TSHR antibodies on fibroblasts in Graves' disease (GD), studies speculate on a role of anti-thyroid antibodies in cancer. All antibodies may have a tumor-promoting role in breast cancer carcinogenesis despite anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies having a positive prognostic effect in patients with overt disease. Cross-reactivity with lactoperoxidase leading to induction of chronic inflammation might promote breast cancer, while anti-thyroid antibodies in manifest breast cancer might be an indication for a more active immune system. A better general health condition in older women with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies might support this hypothesis. The different actions of the anti-thyroid antibodies correspond to differences in cellular location of the antigens, titers of the circulating antibodies, duration of antibody exposure, and immunological mechanisms in GD and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 1999
Studies concerning the antigenicity of thyroglobulin fragments allow the characterization of the epitopes but do not consider the role of heavier antigenic fragments that could result in vivo from the action of endoproteases. Here we assess the relative importance of the fragments obtained from thyroglobulin by limited proteolysis with trypsin and compare by immunoblotting their reactivity to serum from patients with autoimmune (Graves disease and Hashimotos thyroiditis) and non-autoimmune (subacute thyroiditis) disease. The results showed no difference in frequency of recognition of any peptide by sera from patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. In contrast, sera from patients with subacute thyroiditis reacted more frequently with a peptide of 80 kDa. These results suggest the presence of antibody subpopulations directed at fragments produced in vivo by enzymatic cleavage of thyroglobulin. This fragment and antibodies to it may represent markers for subacute thyroiditis.
2016
Background: Autoantibodies to thyroid antigens in general, and thyroid peroxidase in particular, are considered as the hallmark of autoimmune thyroid dysfunctions. While a pro-inflammatory response is considered as predominant in hypothyroidism, in Grave's disease it is a predominant antibody response. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to evaluate seropositivity to TPO and TG antigens in these two conditions with apparently diversified patterns of immune responses. Methods: An Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was employed for detection of Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) and Anti-Thyrooglobulin (TG) auto-antibodies in sera of patients with Hypo and Hyperthyroidism. Results: Total seropositivity to both TPO Ab/ TG Ab was found to be 69.09% in hypo and 66.66% in hyperthyroidism; it was 54.54% and 53.33% for hypo and hyperthyroidism respectively for TPO Ab alone. A substantially less seropositivity of 41.81% and 40% was observed for Hypo and Hyperthyroid respectively for TG Ab. Analysis of seropositivity in relation to age at onset revealed higher sero-posiivity (53.33%) in early onset (≤35 years) group in hypo for TPO Ab. Functional significance of TPO Ab in the two thyroid conditions has been discussed particularly in the light of their diagnostic utility and epidemiological significance. Conclusion: It is concluded that higher sera positivity was observed for TPO compare to TG. These variations may be due to differences in antigenic characteristics of these two thyroid antigens.
Thyroid autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases
Medicina, 2004
Abnormalities in the thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies have been frequently described in patients with autoimmune diseases but seldom in antiphospholipid syndrome patients. In order to determine the prevalence of thyroid function and autoimmune abnormalities, we compared serum thyrotropin (TSH, serum free thyroxine (T4) levels, thyroid antithyroglobulin (TgAb) and antithyroperoxidase (TPOAb) levels of 25 patients with systemic sclerosis, 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 13 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome to a control group of 113 healthy individuals. Evaluation included a thorough clinical examination with particular attention to thyroid disease and a serologic immune profile including rheumatoid factor, antinuclear and anticardiolipin antibody measurements. Subclinical hypothyroidism (4.2<TSH<10 mU/L) was diagnosed in five patients (8%), and subclinical hyperthyroidism (undetectable<TSH<0.34 mU/L) in four patients (6%). Anti-thyroglobulin (TgA...
Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Series C Immunology, 2009
Autoreactive lymphocytes in thyroid disorders. 11. Comparison of anti-thyroglobulin antibody production by plaque-forming cell, radio-immunological and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Acta path. microbiol. immunol. scand. Sect. C, 94: 113-117, 1986. Blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from 9 randomly selected patients with autoimmune thyroiditis were stimulated in v i m with pokeweed mitogen (PWM), a polyclonal B lymphocyte activator. The secretion of immunoglobulins (Ig) and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) was assayed by means of haemolytic plaque-forming cell (PFC) assays, radio-immune assay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Total Ig and TgAb production was maximal using MNC cultured at 1.0 x 106/ml as estimated by PFC, RIA and ELISA. The Ig and TgAb production as measured by RIA and ELISA was 1.5-3 times higher after 12 days' culture compared to 6 days' culture. Ig and TgAb production measured by PFC-assays at day 6 correlated positively to the results obtained by RIA and ELISA at day 12. PWM-induced TgAb secretion correlated positively to TgAb titres in serum. As judged by PFC, TgAb production was found in 8/9 patients; about 5% (range 0-7.9%) of the total PWM-stimulated IgG-secreting cells were involved in TgAb secretion. TgAb production as measured by ELISA and RIA was found in 6/9 patients. By reference to an affinity-purified human TgAb preparation, the TgAb secretion was about 0.7% (range 0-21.3%) of the total PWM-induced IgG secretion.