Appropriating the Indo-Pacific Construct: An Analysis of Eurocentrism from a Southeast Asian Perspective (original) (raw)

Abstract

Mainstream discourses on the Indo-Pacific have gained momentum over the last fifteen years or so. Since 2007, when India and Japan began sharing strategic assessments after China’s enunciation of its “String of Pearls” strategy, military-strategic references to the construct dominated scholarly and policy discussions. This article is an analysis of these discourses, from the perspective of Southeast Asia. Specifically, the discussion suggests that the Southeast Asian roots of the Indo-Pacific construct predate 2007. They prioritise oceanic connectivity and diplomatic engagement across maritime spaces, embodied in the Southeast Asian concepts of nusantara and bebas-aktif. The small states of Southeast Asia had already conceived of one contiguous Indian and Pacific oceanic space within the context of decolonisation, Third World emancipation, and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). This article suggests that these conceptual maps remain muted in mainstream discourses on the Indo-Pacific. It also highlights the Eurocentric nature of discourses on regionalism and geopolitics, which tend to silence Southeast Asia’s role in concept building. The analysis concludes that discourses about the Indo-Pacific region would be more informed by Southeast Asia’s strategic vision and perspectives on connectivity, which could in turn, contribute to more productive policies on peaceful engagement in region.

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What historical influences shaped the Southeast Asian perspective of the Indo-Pacific?add

Southeast Asia's view of the Indo-Pacific is influenced by its anti-colonial struggles and the concept of nusantara, which emphasizes regional connectivity over military dominance. This perspective emerged during the nationalist movements of the mid-20th century, reflecting a wish for unity and independence among diverse ethnic groups.

How does the concept of bebas-aktif inform Southeast Asia's foreign policy?add

The bebas-aktif principle, integral to Southeast Asia's diplomatic identity, promotes engagement over alignment with major powers, reflecting Indonesia's historical non-alignment stance. This principle underpins ASEAN's approach, favoring peace and stability through active diplomatic relations rather than conflict.

What are the implications of Eurocentrism in the interpretation of the Indo-Pacific?add

Eurocentrism distorts the Indo-Pacific narrative by prioritizing Western military strategies, thereby marginalizing indigenous concepts like wawasan nusantara that advocate for regional agency and cooperation. This bias reduces Southeast Asian contributions to a militaristic framework, overshadowing alternative, inclusive visions.

How have recent developments influenced maritime strategic discourse in the Indo-Pacific?add

The re-emergence of the term Indo-Pacific in the mid-2000s correlates with the strategic responses to China’s assertiveness, especially following India's and Japan's military interactions. This shift generated increased Western military presence, indicating a heightened focus on security dynamics in the region.

What role does the Quad play in shaping Southeast Asia's security perceptions?add

The Quad, perceived primarily as a US-led strategic initiative against China, induces anxiety among Southeast Asian nations seeking balance and agency. While it emphasizes military cooperation, Southeast Asia prefers engagement strategies that avoid siding with dominant powers.

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