Effect of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) toxin on tissue weight and composition and some metabolic functions of rats (original) (raw)
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British Journal of Nutrition (2003), 89, 311–318, 2003
Local (gut) and systemic metabolism of rats is altered by consumption of raw bean (Phaseolus The composition of the raw legume Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. athropurpurea (PhVa) and its effects on the metabolism of young growing rats have been evaluated. The levels of protein, unsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrate, fibre and bioactive factors present in PhVa were comparable with those in other Phaseolus vulgaris varieties. However, the lectins of PhVa were predominantly of the leucoagglutinating type, and concentrated in the albumin protein fraction. Rats fed a diet (110 g total protein, 16·0 MJ/kg) in which PhVa meal provided about half of the protein excreted high levels of N in faeces and urine, and grew more slowly, than rats fed a high-quality control diet (ad libitum or pair-fed). Small intestine, large intestine and pan-creas weights were increased (by almost 100 %, P, 0·05), whilst skeletal muscle, thymus and spleen weights were reduced. Blood insulin (16·20 v. 0·50 mU/l, P,0·05, thyroxine, glucose, protein (60·5 v. 48·3 g/l, P, 0·05) and LDL-cholesterol were lowered, whilst glucagon (155·3 v. 185·4 ng/l, P,0·05), triiodothyronine and urea were elevated, as were urinary urea, creatinine and glucose. These changes in the local (gut) and systemic metabolism of rats were probably mediated primarily by lectins in PhVa, which were concentrated in the albumin protein fraction, whereas in many other Phaseolus vulgaris lines they are distributed across the globulin and albumin fractions.
Nutritional Response of Mature Rats to Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Lectins
J. Sci. Food Agric. 36, 409-414, 1985
1 In a series of 10-day pair feeding experiments it was found that the nutritional value of diets containing beans was essentially the same for rats aged between 30 and 123 days. Thus net protein utilisation (NPU) values of 25-39 on diets containing Processor bean (35 g protein kg-') + egg albumin (65g protein kg-') were obtained. As food intakes were considerably reduced when rats were fed diets containing more than 35 g protein kg-' of Processor bean, the measurement of protein utilisation became increasingly more difficult. The severe disruption of the brush borders of duodenal and jejunal enterocytes, originally observed when bean-containing diets were fed to young (30-day-old) rats was also found with rats up to the age of 120 days on similar diets. Similarly, the development of circulating anti-lectin antibodies in the animals showed no age dependence within the age limits investigated. It was also shown that oral immunisation did not protect the rats from the effects of toxicity and that the immune response was a result of continuous absorption of lectin throughout the feeding period. Thus the extent and the mechanism of toxicity of Phaseolus vulgaris bean lectins were found not to be dependent on the age or maturity of the animal.
British Journal of Nutrition, 1983
Male Wistar rats were fed on semi-synthetic diets containing cooked white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) or equivalent levels of protein and carbohydrate. No change was observed in over-all nitrogen balance in animals fed on the bean diet, but there was a two- to three-fold increase in their faecal excretion, compared with control rats. This was compensated by a decrease in urinary-N excretion. Homogenized small intestinal mucosa, prepared from bean-fed animals, showed a 28% increase in protein content compared with control material. Measurements of 3H-labelled thymidine turnover indicated that mucosal cell exfoliation was increased by approximately 35% in the small intestines of bean-fed rats compared with controls. It is concluded that though a diet rich in cooked P. vulgaris leads to some increase in mucosal cell turnover in the small intestine of rats, the consequent increase in mucosal protein loss could not account for the increased faecal-N excretion seen in these animals.
British Journal of Nutrition, 1995
Feeding trials have been done with rats to assess the effects of long-term (700 d) consumption of diets based on raw cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata; moderate Bowman–Birk inhibitor content, low lectin content), lupin seeds (Lupinus angustifolius; low lectin and protease inhibitor content) or soya beans (Glycine max; high Kunitz inhibitor content, moderate Bowman–Birk inhibitor content, moderate lectin content) or diets containing low levels of raw kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris; high lectin content, low Bowman–Birk inhibitor content) on body weight and composition and organ weights. All the legume-based diets reduced feed conversion efficiency and growth rates during the initial 250 d. However, after 250 d the weight gains by rats given legume-based diets were similar to those of controls given the same daily feed intake. Long-term consumption of diets containing low levels of kidney bean significantly altered body composition of rats. The levels of lipid in the body were significantly ...
Journal of Medicinal Food, 2015
The chronic ingestion of raw or undercooked kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) causes functional and morphological derangement in various tissues. The major objectives of this study were to investigate the gavage effects of a raw Beldia bean variety that is widely consumed in Tunisia, on the small intestine morphology and jejunal absorption of water, electrolytes, and glucose in Wistar rats. Twenty young male rats were randomly divided into two groups of 10 rats. The first group served as the control and was gavaged with 300 mg of a rodent pellet flour suspension (RPFS), whereas the second experimental group was challenged with 300 mg of a Beldia bean flour suspension (BBFS) for 10 days. Histological studies were performed using light and electron microcopy. The intestinal transport of water, sodium, potassium, and glucose was studied by perfusing the jejunal loops of the small bowels in vivo. The feeding experiments indicated that BBFS did not affect weight gain. Histomorphometric analyses showed that the villus heights, crypt depths, and crypt/villus ratios in the jejunum and ileum were greater in the BBFS-fed rats than controls. Electron microscopy studies demonstrated that the rats exposed to RPFS exhibited intact intestinal tracts; however, the BBFS-treated rats demonstrated intestinal alterations characterized by abnormal microvillus architectures, with short and dense or long and slender features, in addition to the sparse presence of vesicles near the brush border membrane. BBFS administration did not significantly affect glucose absorption. However, significant decreases were observed in water and electrolyte absorption compared with the uptake of the controls. In conclusion , raw Beldia beans distorted jejunum morphology and disturbed hydroelectrolytic flux. KEY WORDS: electrolyte transport glucose transport phytohemagglutinin small intestine morphology white kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Br. J. Nutr. 79, 213-221, 1997
The effects of inclusion of different levels of raw kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) of high lectin content (27 g/kg meal) in a high-quality (lactalbumin) control diet were tested in nutritional trials on the growth and metabolism of obese Zucker (fafa) rats and their lean littermates in comparison with pair-fed controls. All diets contained 100 g total protein/kg and either 50 g lipids/kg (low fat) or 150 g lipids/kg (moderate fat). The growth of both obese and lean rats on bean diets was retarded by the daily bean intake in a dose-dependent manner. However, most of this was because bean-fed rats contained less body fat than the controls after 10 d. Thus, after feeding low-fat diets containing up to 130 g kidney bean/kg (lectin intake 5 0.2 g/kg body weight (BW) per d) in both 10 d and 70 d trials, the bodies of obese rats contained less fat but not protein than their pair-fed controls. Moreover, by increasing the lipid content of the diet to 150 g/kg, the level of bean inclusion could be increased to 280 g/kg (lectin intake 2 0.4 g/kg BW per d) without loss of body protein and skeletal muscle. Although these rats contained more body fat than those which were fed on low-fat diets, their weight reduction could be accounted for exclusively by reduced lipid content. In contrast, significant body protein loss occurred when the same diet of high lectin content was fed to lean littermates. Plasma insulin levels were significantly depressed in the obese Zucker rats on bean diets but the pancreas was not significantly enlarged nor its insulin content changed in 10 d trials. However, significant pancreatic growth occurred on long-term (70 d) bean feeding compared with pair-fed controls. The results suggest that, in addition to animal nutrition, it may also be possible to use the bean lectin as a dietary adjunct or therapeutic agent to stimulate gut function and ameliorate obesity if a safe and effective dose-range can be established for human subjects.
British Journal of Nutrition, 1998
The effects of inclusion of different levels of raw kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) of high lectin content (27 g/kg meal) in a high-quality (lactalbumin) control diet were tested in nutritional trials on the growth and metabolism of obese Zucker (fafa) rats and their lean littermates in comparison with pair-fed controls. All diets contained 100 g total protein/kg and either 50 g lipids/kg (low fat) or 150 g lipids/kg (moderate fat). The growth of both obese and lean rats on bean diets was retarded by the daily bean intake in a dose-dependent manner. However, most of this was because bean-fed rats contained less body fat than the controls after 10 d. Thus, after feeding low-fat diets containing up to 130 g kidney bean/kg (lectin intake ≤ 0·2 g/kg body weight (BW) per d) in both 10 d and 70 d trials, the bodies of obese rats contained less fat but not protein than their pair-fed controls. Moreover, by increasing the lipid content of the diet to 150 g/kg, the level of bean inclusion c...
Journal of Animal Science Advances, 2014
Forty eight weaned albino rats were used to determine the growth and hepatic histological response of Albino rats fed varying levels of detoxified castor bean cake based diets. There were 12 treatments, with four rats per treatment arranged in a 4 x 3 experimental layout (four processing methods (Boiling, Lye, Roasting and Germination) and three levels of inclusion (0, 5% and 10%). The animals were individually housed in small fabricated cages. Results showed that the processing methods affected the chemical profile of castor bean cake. There was a short fall in energy values of treated castor bean cake compared to raw bean. The crude protein of the lye treated, boiled, and roasted CBC fell while antinutritional factors were better deactivated by boiling and lye treatment. Boiling and lye treatment were able to achieve about 43% and 55% reduction of lectin (ricin) respectively and this was translated in the higher feed consumption and better (P<0.05) weight gain in rat fed on diet containing 5% lye CBC and 5%boiled CBC compared to others on CBC based diets. Performance parameters measure were not jeopardised by feeding lye treated and boiled CBC up to 10%. The histological changes observed ranges from mild congestion, cellular infiltration and necrosis of the cell in the liver, an indication of substantial residual toxin in processed seed. In this study. lye water was most effective in detoxifying castor bean seeds as there were no serious damages done to the liver of rats placed on lye treated castor bean cake diets at both 5% and 10% inclusion level.