SARS-CoV-2 and Multi-Organ damage – What men's health specialists should know about the COVID-19 pathophysiology (original) (raw)
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Caution in the management of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in males
International Journal of Andrology, 2020
The coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic carries clinical, economic and social burdens that are currently being disclosed. The key steps of virus life cycle have been recently clarified, highlighting the role of host type 2 angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2) and TMPRSS2 serine protease in virus-cell binding and entry, respectively. Importantly, major concerns derive from the androgen-dependent tissue-expression of Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved both TMPRSS2 and ACE2, suggesting a differential clinical course of the infection between genders. In agreement with this model, available epidemiological data show that the disease in males has an higher risk to display an heavier pattern and associates with both an increased access to critical care unit and higher mortality rate. In this opinion article, available evidence linking the androgen activity with the gender differences observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection are discussed, hypothesizing possible therapeutic approaches in male based on the disruption of androgen signaling. On these bases, gender-specific recommendations for the management of male patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection are warmly suggested, in order to improve the clinical course of the disease.
Andrologia
COVID-19 caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is an ongoing pandemic that has affected more than 10.7 million people across India (India, n.d.; Wu & McGoogan, 2020). It is primarily a respiratory virus transmitted via air droplets and surface contact. The primary modality for detecting this virus is the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test on the nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs of the patients(Li et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020). Apart from these, the SARS-CoV-2 has also been found in blood, urine, peritoneal fluid and faeces, suggesting that these may serve as potential sources of transmission (Hoffmann et al., 2020; Li et al., 2003). The effect of COVID-19 on the male reproductive tract has been studied sparsely. Interestingly, angiotensin convertase inhibitor-2 (ACE-2) receptors, which are abundantly found in the testis and male reproductive system, are utilised by SARS-CoV-2 for gaining entry into the cells(
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and multi-organ system damage: a review
Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
The SARS-CoV-2 infection causes COVID-19, which has affected approximately six hundred million people globally as of August 2022. Organs and cells harboring angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) surface receptors are the primary targets of the virus. However, once it enters the body through the respiratory system, the virus can spread hematogenously to infect other body organs. Therefore, COVID-19 affects many organs, causing severe and long-term complications, even after the disease has ended, thus worsening the quality of life. Although it is known that the respiratory system is most affected by the SARS-CoV-2 infection, many organs/systems are affected in the short and long term. Since the COVID-19 disease simultaneously affects many organs, redesigning diagnostic and therapy policies to fit the damaged organs is strongly recommended. Even though the pathophysiology of many problems the infection causes is unknown, the frequency of COVID-19 cases rises with age and the existence...
Andrologia, 2020
Since first reports of infection in the last quarter of 2019, a novel beta-coronavirus, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected thousands of people and spread overseas (Jiang et al., 2020). Eventually on 11 March 2020, The World Health Organization (WHO) named the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection as 'COVID-19' and declared a pandemic status (Huang et al., 2020). Symptoms and signs of COVID-19 have a considerable similarity to influenza flu as both of the diseases mainly affect the respiratory system. As in influenza flu, the clinical presentation of COVID-19 can vary from an asymptomatic course to severe pneumonia (Kakodkar et al., 2020). At the pathophysiological basis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor plays a central role. SARS-CoV-2 exploits the ACE-2 receptor and uses it to facilitate viral entry into the target cells (Zhang et al., 2020).
Multi-organ Dysfunction Due to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Comparative Overview
American Journal of Internal Medicine, 2021
SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral disease, which was first reported in the province Wuhan of China in late December 2019. The disease has shown its catastrophic effect in more than 200 countries and territories, causing more than 53.7 million confirmed cases and over 1.3 million deaths since its outbreak. Although the virus was primarily presumed to cause respiratory disease, reports are emerging of the plausible impact of the virus on multiple organs. The multi-organ dysfunction in severe patients of COVID-19 results in high morbidity and mortality rate compared to the other coronavirus family members like SARS and MERS. In this review, we provided a brief overview of the current insights of potential COVID-19 impacts on multiple organ functions. Reports suggest that the virus may exert direct (e.g., using ACE2 receptor) or indirect (e.g., cytokine storm) effects on several organs, including the lung, kidney, heart, liver, and brain. These multi-...
Covid-19 Global Pandemic: Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on Different Organs of Human Body Authors
The world is now facing an outbreak of a virus known as coronavirus, which began as an emergent pneumonia-like sickness in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has since spread swiftly around the globe. On March 11, 2020, WHO declared this situation as pandemic because it was rapidly spreading in different parts of Asia and Europe. Coronavirus disorder 2019 is due to a unique coronavirus. These viruses are RNA viruses that motive illnesses in vertebrates (birds and mammals). They motive moderate to severe infections of the respiratory tract. Coronaviruses are having different types of the main subgrouping include alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The purpose of our study is to gain knowledge about the characteristics of the virus, prevalence of the disease, its severity and to identify effects of SARS-CoV-2 on different organs of the body and also the complications caused by this novel virus. From our study, we came to know that COVID mostly affects immuno-compromised patients. Analysis shows that aged adults males who have other diseases like heart diseases, diabetes, and diseases of the respiratory tract like COPD are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to any other age group. COVID can affect different organs of the body but most commonly it affects the lungs of a patient. Because this virus has an infinity for the ACE2 receptors. Coronavirus attaches with ACE2 receptors of the host cells through its spike proteins and causes illness. Common symptoms include difficulty in breathing, a severe cough, high fever, chills fatigue. Less severe symptoms are trembling with chills, sore throat, headache is the common sense of taste or smell affected. It is a highly transmissible disease, spread very frequently from an infected person through the droplets inhalation produce during coughing and sneezing by the host. From the data, we can conclude that the recovery rate is much higher than the fatality rate. But we should have to take precautionary measures like the use of masks, frequently wash the hands, and follow the social distancing as this illness has no effective therapy.