Prevalence of Anaemia in Pregnancy and Related Factors among Women Attending Antenatal Care (ANC) in General Hospitalbunza, Kebbi State, Nigeria (original) (raw)
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Asian Hematology Research Journal, 2019
Anemia remains a major risk factor for unfavorable outcome of pregnancy both for the mother and the fetus. It is the world's second leading cause of disability and one of the most serious global public health problems among children and pregnant women. Its diagnosis remains a challenge in poor and underfunded hospitals and primary health centers. This study is a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted in Ondo Specialist Hospital, Ondo town to assess anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic from August to October 2015. One hundred and fifty pregnant women were enrolled in this study. Data were collected using pretested questionnaire, which contains socio-demographic characteristics of the pregnant women. Blood samples were collected to measure hemoglobin and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) levels. Data were entered and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0 software. Association between variables was done using chi square, and statistical significance was considered at p<0.05. The mean age of pregnant women was 28.92±4.89 years and the prevalence of anemia obtained in this study using the Tallquist, Hemoglobin cyanide methods and PCV was 36%, 36.7% and 47.3% respectively, based on the World Health Organization criterion for the diagnosis of anemia in pregnancy (hemoglobin <11.0 g/dl; PCV <33%). Our study revealed a high prevalence of anemia in pregnant women and calls for more health intervention including health education about causes of anemia and its risk factors. Antenatal care follow up should also be improved on.
European Journal of Preventive Medicine , 2023
Background: Anemia is a prevalent medical disorder during pregnancy, posing a significant global public health burden. In developing countries like Nigeria, it remains a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Aim: To determine the red cell morphological patterns, peculiarities (clinical characteristics) of anemia, and associated risk factors including socio-demographic factors, associated with anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic of a tertiary care hospital in North-Central Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A prospective, analytical study on 415 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic over a period of 4 months was conducted. The red cell morphology, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), genotype, and HIV status of each participant were determined. Using structured questionnaires, their bio-data, obstetric and medical histories, and results of routine investigations were documented. Statistical software (SPSS version 20, Chicago 11, USA) was used to analyze the data obtained. Continuous variables were presented as mean±SD, and categorical variables were presented as numbers and percentages. Chi-square tests were used for comparative analysis and the level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. In addition, the association between anemia and socio-demographic factors, clinical characteristics, and risk factors were tested using Chi-square test. Results: Mean age of the study participants was 29.7±5.3 years. The mean BMI was 28.0±7.2 kg/m2, and the mean parity was 1.9±1.7. In addition, 7.8% of the pregnant women were HIV positive. The mean packed cell volume was 32.7±3.1%, and 42.5% of the participants were anemic, with 29.0% and 13.5% having mild and moderate anemia, respectively. The most common blood picture indicated iron deficiency anemia, with microcytic hypochromia and normocytic hypochromia. Educational level (p=0.00) and socio-economic class (p=0.00) were significantly and independently related to anemia, while gestational age (p=0.55) was not significantly related. Moreover, a history of fever during the current pregnancy was significantly related to anemia (p=0.01), while genotype (p=0.33) was not. Anemia was significantly related to HIV-positive status (p=0.00). Conclusion: Pregnant women should be encouraged to receive antenatal care, where they can receive hematinic supplements, appropriate investigations and treatments for fever or HIV. Poverty is a contributing factor to poor health outcomes during pregnancy. Implementing national and local policies to boost the economy can help alleviate poverty and improve health outcomes in pregnant women.
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research (AJCMR), 2023
Background: Anemia in pregnancy is a global public health burden. It is the commonest medical disorder of pregnancy and a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in most developing countries including Nigeria. Aim: To determine the prevalence of anemia and red cell morphological patterns amongst pregnant women attending antenatal clinic of Federal Medical Center, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, analytical study involving 415 women at the antenatal booking clinic for a period of 16 weeks. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) also known as hematocrit, red cell morphology, HIV status and genotype of each pregnant woman were determined. Their biodata, obstetric and medical histories, and results of the routine investigations were documented with structured questionnaires and analyzed with statistical package for social science (SPSS) software (version 20, Chicago 11, USA). Continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation (mean±SD), while categorical variables were presented as numbers and percentages. Comparative analysis was done with chi-square test and the level of significance was set at p<0.05. The association between anemia and some social factors was tested using t-test. Results: Mean age of respondents was 29.7±5.3 years, mean BMI was 28.0±7.2kg/m 2 , and mean parity was 1.9±1.7. Mean packed cell volume was 32.7±3.1% and 42.5% of the women were anemic. Specifically, 29.0% and 13.5% of the women had mild and moderate anemia respectively. The commonest blood picture was microcytic hypochromia and normocytic hypochromia suggesting iron-deficiency anemia. Anemia was significantly and independently related to educational level (p=0.00) and socioeconomic class (p=0.00). Conclusion: Every pregnant woman should be encouraged to obtain antenatal care, where hematinic supplements can be given for prophylaxis of iron-deficiency anemia. Appropriate clinical investigations, treatment of fever and management of HIV should be instituted for pregnant women attending antenatal care whenever and wherever necessary.
PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY AT ANTENATAL CARE BOOKING IN JIGAWA, NORTH-WEST NIGERIA
Introduction: Anaemia in pregnancy is a major reproductive health problem and an important cause of foetomaternal morbidity and mortality. Objectives: This study aims to determine the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy, its severity and possible correlates. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out among 250 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. A pretested structured interviewer questionnaire was used to collect relevant biodata, obstetric and medical history. Packed cell volume (PCV) of each pregnant woman was determined. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 21.0. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean PCV was 29.8 + 4.2 and the prevalence of anaemia was 69.2%. Majority (58.4%) of the anaemic pregnant women had moderate anaemia, and 1.7% had severe anaemia. Most (31.2%) of the participants were multiparous and 81.2% had either no formal, or only primary level of education. Conclusion: The prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy was high. Improved dietary intake of nutritious foods and socioeconomic condition may help reduce the prevalence and severity of anaemia in pregnancy.
Anaemia in pregnancy: a survey of pregnant women in Abeokuta, Nigeria
African health sciences, 2007
Background: Anaemia in pregnancy is a common problem in most developing countries and a major cause of morbidity and mortality especially in malaria endemic areas. In pregnancy, anaemia has a significant impact on the health of the foetus as well as that of the mother. 20% of maternal deaths in Africa have been attributed to anaemia Objectives and Methods: This study was therefore carried out to determine the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care in two hospitals and a traditional birth home in order to obtain a broader prevalence data. Pregnant women were enrolled in the study at their first antenatal visit and were monitored through pregnancy for anaemia. Packed cell volume (PCV) was used to assess level of anaemia; Questionnaires were also administered to obtain demographic information. Results: Three hundred and sixty five (76.5%) of the women were anaemic at one trimester of pregnancy or another. Anaemia were more prevalent among primigravidae (80.6%) than the multigravidae(74.5%)(P>0.05). Two hundred and eleven women (57.8%) had moderate anaemia while 147 (40.3%) had mild anaemia and 7(1.9%) were severely anaemic (5 (71.4%) of which were primigravidae). All severely anaemic women were under 30 years old. Women attending TBH for antenatal care were found to be more anaemic (81.2%) (Even at various trimesters of pregnancy) than those attending the hospitals (72.5%) (P<0.05). However, in all the antenatal centers more women were anaemic in the 2 nd trimester of pregnancy. Forty-seven (9.8%) of the enrolled women booked for antenatal care in the first trimester, while 303(63.5%) booked in the second trimester and 127(26.6%) in the 3 rd trimester of their pregnancies. 62.5% of these women were already anaemic at the time of antenatal booking, with a higher prevalence among the primigravidae (69.7%)(P< 0.05). Absence of symptoms of ill health was the major reason for late antenatal booking. Anaemia was higher among unemployed women and those with sickle cell traits. Conclusion: Educating women on early antenatal booking and including those in TBHs in health interventions is necessary to reduce the problem of anaemia in pregnancy in Nigeria.
International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science
Background: Anemia in pregnancy is a major public health problem especially in Low and Middle-income countries (LMIC) including Ghana and is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as being present when the hemoglobin concentration in the peripheral blood is 11g/dl or less. In most African countries anemia in pregnancy occurs if the hemoglobin concentration falls below 10g/dl. Pregnant women are at a higher risk of developing anemia due to several factors such as hemodilution, nutritional factors, multiple gestation, socio-economic status and malaria infestation. Anemia in pregnancy is an important cause of maternal mortality and affects half of pregnant women worldwide; with 56% of West African pregnant women being anemic. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the West Gonja Hospital(WGH) Methods: A cross-sectional was conducted with 136 pregnant women rece...
International advanced research journal in science, engineering and technology, 2023
INTRODUCTION: Anaemia is a global public health problem in both developing and developed countries; over 1.62 billion people suffer from anaemia, and is particularly more prevalent among pregnant women. The World Health Organization estimates that the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy varies from 53.8% to 90.2% in developing countries and 8.3% to 23% in developed countries. AIM: This investigation is aimed to determine the prevalence of anaemia and its associated factors among pregnant women attending Fati Lami antenatal care clinic of Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital Birnin-Kebbi, northwest Nigeria. METHODS. A total of 221 pregnant women were recruited from Fati Lami antenatal care clinic of Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital Birnin-Kebbi using simple random technique after ethical approval was obtained from Research Ethics Committee of Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital and consent from each study participant. Data on sociodemographics, economic status, and clinical history were collected using a pretested structured interviewer's questionnaire. Anaemia was diagnosed using the WHO-recommended cutoff of less than 33%. Participants were categorized into a subgroup of anaemia severity using the WHO cutoffs for mild, moderate, and severe anaemia. RESULTS. The overall prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women in this study was found to be 126 (57.0%).Of this, 76 (60.3%) had mild anaemia, while 50 (39.7%) had moderate anaemia. Residence, Marital status, monthly family income, occupation, Number of deliveries, Inter-pregnancy interval, and current malaria attack were the variables which had statistically significant association with the prevalence of anaemia. CONCLUSION. Based on the findings from our study, it showed a high prevalence of anaemia (57.0%) among pregnant women, making anaemia in pregnancy a severe public health problem. The predisposing factors associated with anaemia in this study were being in the rural area, having low monthly family income, women with less than eighteen months interval between pregnancies, women with greater than three number of deliveries and recent malaria attack. Educating pregnant women on anaemia should be intensified in antenatal care clinics.
African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2022
In developing countries such as Nigeria, anaemia in pregnancy is thought to be one of the most common complications of pregnancy accounting for a significant level of maternal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy among women attending the booking Antenatal Clinic (ANC) in Benue State University Teaching Hospital (BSUTH), North-Central, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from May 2019 to January, 2020 on 299 women. A structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic, clinical, and nutritional information from pregnant women attending the clinic who consented to participate in the study. Haematocrit levels were stratified according to the World Health Organisation's (WHO) classification as follows: <7mg/dL-severe, 7-8.99mg/dL-moderate, 9-10.99mg/dL-mild anaemia and ≧ 11mg/dL-non-anaemic. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25.0. Chi-square test was conducted to determine relationships. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors for anaemia among pregnant women. P-value <0.05 and odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval were used to assess the association. The mean age of respondents was 29.9, ranging from 18-40 years. One hundred and twenty-three (41.1%) women were anaemic (haemoglobin [Hb] < 11.0 g/dL). The majority (95.1%) of these anaemic patients were mildly anaemic, whereas 4.9% were moderately anaemic. There was no case of severe anaemia (Hb < 7.0 g/dL). The prevalence of anaemia was significantly higher in those within the age group of 20-24 years and those with lower levels of education (P < 0.05). The patient's gestational age, number of miscarriages and birth interval had no significant relationship with the haemoglobin concentration among the pregnant women in this study (P > 0.05). However, parity, clinical features such as fever, and practices like use of haematinics and non-consumption of meat, poultry and fish were significantly related to anaemia (P < 0.05). The pregnant women who did not take haematinics were 5.8 times likely to develop anaemia (OR=5.8, 95%CI [2.3, 14.5]) while pregnant women who did not eat meat, poultry or fish were 9 times more likely to become anaemic than pregnant women who ate (OR=9.0, 95%CI [1.0, 79.5]). The prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy is high among women attending booking antenatal clinic at BSUTH, North-Central, Nigeria, and requires specific intervention that address the identified risk factors.
Research Journal of Food Science and Quality Control, 2024
This study assessed the anemia status of pregnant women attending antenatal care in medical facilities in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. To attain the above, descriptive crosssectional study was adopted. Convenient sampling technique was adopted to conveniently select the sample size of 340 pregnant women. The research instrument was prepared and distributed to sampled respondents on health status of pregnant women attending antenatal care with the aid of research assistant. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis at 5% level of significance, using relevant statistical tool. Result obtained showed that low monthly family income, educational status, use of iron tablet during pregnancy, and malaria infection were found to be predictors for anemia in pregnancy in our study. There is a high level of ignorance and cultural beliefs about anemia in pregnancy, as well as its prevention and treatment in our environment. Almost one-fourth of pregnant women had anemia in this study. Therefore, the study recommends that further research should be conducted on assessing the factors affecting the prevalence of anemia and pregnancy related illness, and lastly, further study should be conducted to investigate why prevalence of HIV is greater than expected among pregnant women in this area.
Anemia in pregnancy at two levels of health care in Ibadan, south west Nigeria
Annals of African Medicine, 2011
Background: In Africa, anemia in pregnancy contributes to non-attainment of the MDG goals 4 and 5. This study examined the prevalence and some risk factors for anemia at two levels of health care in the Ibadan metropolis. Methods: This was a retrospective study of the booking records of pregnant women at the University College Hospital (UCH, a profi t-making tertiary institution) and Adeoyo Maternity Hospital (AMH, a secondary level institution offering free services) in Ibadan, September 1, 2008 to December 31, 2008. Eligible women had singleton pregnancies and no known chronic illnesses. Anemia was defi ned as packed cell volume (PCV) <30%, and degrees of anemia as mild (PCV 27-29%), moderate (PCV 19-26%), and severe (PCV below 19%). Statistical analysis was done by the Chi-square test, Fisher exact test, and t-test. A P value of <0.05 was considered signifi cant. Results: Data from 2702 women (384 and 2318 from UCH and AMH, respectively) were available for analysis. About 30% of the women were anemic. The patients in UCH had higher mean PCV (33.03± 4.32 vs. 31. 04 ± 4.09, P = 0.00). A higher proportion of anemia was seen in patients presenting in Adeoyo (32.4% vs. 16.7%, P = 0.00). Factors associated with anemia included young age (P = 0.00), low parity (P = 0.00), and hospital type (P = 0.00). Parity and hospital type remained signifi cant on logistic regression. Conclusion: Lower prevalence of anemia at the tertiary hospital maybe attributed to the higher socioeconomic status of the clientele. Short-term early antenatal management of anemia and long-term economic/educational empowerment is advocated.