Corruption in Sports (original) (raw)

Corruption in international sports and how it may be combatted

2008

This contribution attempts a delimitation of the concept of corruption in sport and gives an overview of topical instances. It is thereby demonstrated why the definition of corruption in sport is especially problematic. The causes of the corruption and their social costs are analysed. The anti-corruption measures of the Amateur International Boxing Association (AIBA) and the German Football Association (DFB) are described. These are based on two fundamentally different approaches and can be regarded as representative of many anti-corruption measures in sport

CLASSIFICATION OF CORRUPTION IN SPORTS

2020

Classification of Corruption in Sports When international literature of domain is examined, although corruption in sports forms a very important area of sports, it was not discussed too much and, especially classification of corruption in sports was very less discussed (Maennig, 2004; Weinreich, 2006; Moser, 2007). When national literature is examined, the studies that are dealt with corruption in sports in detail were not met. In this compilation study carried out, classification of corruption in sports was discussed, reviewing domain literature, and sorts of corruption classified were tried to be introduced with its examples. In the literature related to classification of corruption in sports, albeit there is no consensus, using authorities in sports for personal interest can be classified under some headings.

Corruption in Sport : From Match-fixing to Money Laundering to Doping to Tax evasion.

Recent change such as the financial globalization, the sports era and the growing importance of the Transnational organized crimes has increased the vulnerability of Sports industry to corruption, money laundering, doping, tax evasion and match fixing. Unfortunately, the vulnerabilities of football have tended to increase those risk. Those vulnerabilities includde : - The market is easy to penetrate. - Complicated networks of stakeholders. - Management lacks professionalism. - Diversity of legal structures. - Considerable sums are involved. - Irrational character of the sums involved and unpredictability over future results. - Financial needs of football clubs - Social vulnerability of some players. - Societal role of football - Non-material rewards Unfortunately, those vulnerabilities have been worsen recently with the rapid internationalization of Football sector. Regarded to the Tax evasions, recent studies found that Tax evasions of Professional Athletes have started to be one of the challenges faced by the Sports Industry. Unfortunately, this is happening because Professional athletes are victimed of their own success.However, the drivers of the Tax evasions of the professional athletes go beyond the destructive effects of their successful career. For example, Bill Bischoff (2016) found that athletes get into tax troubles because of financial troubles. Furthermore, Bill Bischoff (2016) found that causes of Financial troubles could include : - Youth inexperience and hubris combined with no money-management experience. - Gambling and other bad habits. - Expensive entourage. - Divorce (due to all of the above).- Incompetent financial advisers-who are sometimes family members—who lose the athlete's money and also fail to handle the tax issues. - Embezzlement by financial advisers (another recurring theme). To add insult to injury, the athlete may still owe taxes on money that was stolen. - Bad investments.. Empirically, a 2009 Sports Illustrated article found that 78 % of former NFL players face bankruptcy or financial stress within two years of retirement. They also found that the rate of NBA retirees going broke within five years of leaving the court was as high as 60 %. Nevertheless, the bankruptcy and financial stress of professional athletes are increasing their rate of suicide In fact, while at some given level, self-discipline and self-control can be the driver of the performance of athletes, excessive self-discipline and self-control can have cognitive cost that increases the risk of mental and behavioral disorders that in turn could increase the risk of addictions (sex, drug, gambling and alcohol addictions) (James Michael Walker, 2019) and suicide. Empirically, according to Lesser (2019), Professional athletes' anabolic-androgenic steroid use, consussions, drug abuse and alcoholism, psychiatric problems of professional athletes and bullying and sexual abuse increase the rate of suicide of professional athletes. This risk of suicide of professional athletes reveal how dangerous and risky the doping in sport also could be for the athletes. In fact, Statista (2011) found that from 2000 to 2010, the number of doping cases in Athletism was about 971. Furthermore, according to WADA (2017), in 2015, Bodybuilding has 270 anti-doping rules violations cases , while the number was 108 for Football and 39 for the Rubgy. Moreover, Addiction Resource (2019) found that US adults believethat as many as 4 in 10 athletes have used PEDs at some point in their careers. And when asked to identify which has the most Performance-Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) use. They answer 26 % for the MBL and 23 % for the NFL. Therefore, it has become relevant to reduce the Mental and Behavioral Disorders of professional athletes on the one hand and fix the cause of their financial troubles on the second hand in order to improve their welfare and happiness in a sustainble manner. To do so, accelerate the adoption of Athletic-centric Brain-based Business Model and Technology (James Michael Walker, 2019) that could help adopt mental apps and financial literacy smart application that can help prevent mental health and behavioral disorders on the one hand and improve the financial literacy of athletes are required. Furthermore, there has started to be an adoption of Ethically-oriented Business Model by the fans. This shift is consistent with the current Ethically-oriented age that has stimulated the adoption of the Ethically-oriented Business Model and Life Style by citizens and corporates. It's particularly the case for the Millennials that are now forcing corporates to adopt Stakeholder-centric, Customer-centric, Employee-centric, City-oriented, Environmentally-oriented, Ethically-oriented, Real-time, Location-based and Risk-centric Business Model and Technology that create simultaneously a value for the stakeholder, customer, employee, city, environment, ethic and the world (James Michael Walker, 2019). It belongs to the athletes and the whole sports industry to be aware of this shift in order to attract and retain the Millennials in the sports venues again. Furthermore, the preference for clean of Millennials will also be more satisfied wth Anti-doping and Anti-Money Laundering initiatives in Sports Industry. Key words : The sports era ; The vulnerability of Sports industry to corruption, money laundering, doping, tax evasion and match fixing ; Rapid Internationalization of Football sector ; The Mental and Behavioral Disorders of professional athletes ; The adoption of Athletic-centric Brain-based and Ethically-oriented Business Model and Technology.

Sports Economy and Fight Against Corruption: which Limits for the Sporting Organisations Autonomy

European Business Law Review, 2021

This research studies the impact of the growth of the sports economy on the limitation of the autonomy of sports organisations, taking into account the driving role of the sovereign power of public orders to fight against corruption. It illustrates the idea according to which the economic governance of sport is based on the specific governance of the International Sports Movement and it verifies how and to what extent the public orders are affecting the regulatory autonomy of sport’s transnational legal orders. The study analyses, firstly, the legal status of the sporting organisations, arguing that the fundamental operational and organisational requirements of sporting organisations have international sources and transnational effects. Secondly, it considers the economic competences of sporting organisations, detecting the limits of sport autonomy due to the exercise of economic activities. Thirdly, it points up the international convergences on managerial transparency and some examples of national and international monitoring of economic activities in sporting organisations, delineating the emergence of a specific international legal framework for economic sports governance. The analysis, finally, identifies the limits of the recent developments at international level, exposing the potential role of the European authorities and the legitimate ways to justify the international limitation of the autonomy of sport.