Comparative studies on the pharmacopoeial and flow properties of powdered celluloses extracted from maize cob using different chemical procedures (original) (raw)
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Physicochemical properties of maize cob cellulose powders reconstituted from ionic liquid solution
Suitable a-cellulose and cellulose II powders for use in the pharmaceutical industry can be derived from maize cob. a-Cellulose was extracted from an agricultural residue (maize cobs) using a non-dissolving method based on inorganic substances. Modification of this a-cellulose was carried out by its dissolution in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimida-zolium chloride ([C 4 mim]Cl), and subsequent regen-eration by addition of either water or acetone at room temperature, or of boiling water. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy results showed that the regenerated celluloses had lower crystallinity, and proved that the treatment with [C 4 mim]Cl led to the conversion of the crystalline structure of a-cellulose from cellulose I to cellulose II. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry data showed quite similar thermal behavior for all cellulose samples , although with somewhat lower stability for the regenerated celluloses, as expected. The comparison of physicochemical properties of the regenerated celluloses and the native cellulose mainly suggests that the regenerated ones might have better flow properties. For some of the characterizations carried out, it was generally observed that the sample regenerated with boiling water had more similar characteristics to the a-cellulose sample, evidencing an influence of the regeneration strategy on the resulting powder after the ionic liquid treatment.
International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2012
Background: Suitable α-cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose powders for use in the pharmaceutical industry can be derived from agricultural wastes. Aims: The pharmacopoeial and physicochemical properties of cornstalk α-cellulose (CCC) and cornstalk microcrystalline cellulose powders (MCCC) were compared to a commercial brand of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH101) to evaluate their usefulness as pharmaceutical excipients. Settings and Design: Physicochemical properties of an excipient play a very crucial role in the functions of the excipient; hence, these properties were evaluated and compared with a commercial brand. Materials and Methods: α-cellulose was extracted from cornstalks. Modification of this α-cellulose powder was carried out by its partial hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to obtain a microcrystalline cellulose powder. Their pharmacopoeial, physicochemical and microbiological properties were evaluated using standard methods. Statistical Analysis: OriginPro 8 SR2 v. 0891 (B891) software (OriginLab Corporation USA) was used for statistical evaluation. One-way analysis of variance was used to differentiate between samples and decide where significant differences were established. Results: The yield of α-cellulose from the cornstalks was 32.5%w/w and that of microcrystalline cellulose 26%w/w. All the cellulose samples met all the pharmacopoeial parameters that were carried out. The comparison of physicochemical properties of the CCC, MCCC and Avicel PH101 suggests that the microcrystalline celluloses might have better flow and compression properties than the CCC sample. The three cellulose powders were of high microbial excipient quality. For almost all parameters evaluated, it was generally observed that the MCCC has similar characteristics to Avicel PH101. Conclusions: MCCC can be a suitable alternative to the expensive Avicel PH101as pharmaceutical excipients.
An Update on Overview of Cellulose, Its Structure and Applications
Cellulose (C 6 H 10 O 5) n is one of the most ubiquitous organic polymers on the planet. It is a significant structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, various forms of algae and oomycetes. It is a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1 → 4) linked d-glucose units. There are various extraction procedures for cellulose developed by using different processes like oxidation, etherification and esterification which convert the prepared celluloses in to cellulose derivatives. Since it is a non-toxic, biodegradable polymer with high tensile and compressive strength, it has widespread use in various fields such as nanotechnology, pharmaceutical industry, food industry, cosmetics, textile and paper industry, drug-delivery systems in treating cancer and other diseases. Micro-crystalline cellulose in particular is among the most frequently used cellulose derivatives in the food, cosmetics, pharma industry, etc. and is an important excipient due to its binding and tableting properties, characterized by its plasticity and cohesiveness when wet. Bacterial cellulose's high dispensability, tasteless and odourless nature provides it with lot of industrial applications. Currently, about half of the waste produced in India contains about 50% cellulose which can be used productively. This chapter deals with the chemistry of cellulose, its extraction and its properties which help various industries to make the most of it.
2011
As part of continuing efforts to develop low-cost pharmaceutical grade cellulose, α-cellulose (MC) was extracted from an agricultural waste (de-grained maize cob) and characterized as a tablet diluent using a commercial brand of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and a mixture of lactose and starch (LS) as reference standards. The α-cellulose met the pharmacopoeial specifications (for Powdered Cellulose B.P.), including pH-6.5 ± 0.5; loss on drying-6.0%; residue on ignition-0.03%; and water-soluble substances-0.9%. Presence of organic impurities and starch was not found. MC compared well with MCC and LS in terms of bulk density (0.36g/cm 3) and true density (1.59g/cm 3). MC, MCC and LS were individually evaluated as tablet diluents for some commonly used drugs, namely, folic acid, chloroquine and vitamin B complex. The tablets were prepared by pre-compression. Based on the tablet parameters examined, (including tensile strength, disintegration time and dissolution data), MC-based tabl...
Polymers, 2019
Cellulose is among the top 5 excipients used in the pharmaceutical industry. It has been considered one of the main diluents used in conventional and modern dosage forms. Therefore, different raw materials of plant origin have been evaluated as potential alternative sources of cellulose. In this context, Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller (palma forrageira), a plant of the cactus family that has physiological mechanisms that provide greater productivity with reduced water requirements, is an interesting and unexplored alternative for extracting cellulose. By using this source, we aim to decrease the extraction stages and increase the yields, which might result in a decreased cost for the industry and consequently for the consumer. The aim of this work was to investigate the use of Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller as a new source for cellulose extraction, therefore providing an efficient, straight forward and low-cost method of cellulose II production. The extraction method is based on the oxidation of the lignins. The obtained cellulose was identified and characterized by spectroscopic methods (FTIR and NMR), X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (TGA-DTG and DSC) and scanning electron microscopy. The results confirmed the identity of cellulose and its fibrous nature, which are promising characteristics for its use in the industry and a reasonable substrate for chemical modifications for the synthesis of cellulose II derivatives with different physicochemical properties that might be used in the production of drug delivery systems and biomaterials.
A review on cellulose and its utilization from agro‑industrial waste
Association of Pharmaceutical Innovators, 2018
Agro-industrial waste removal is a serious issue of concerning in developing countries. Cellulose is a polysaccharide polymer. This present review explores cellulose history, structure, worldwide production, and extraction of cellulose from agro-waste. A wide spectrum of researches in the arena of properties of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin; their degradation; sources and composition of cellulosic and its derivatives from agro-industrial wastes; present status of converting them into value-added products of food and pharmaceutical applications. Cellulose is a tremendous product due to its abundance and characteristic structural properties. The major industrial source of cellulose is vascular plants. The lignocellulosic materials, especially agro-industrial residues, are important as reinforcement products for building construction material industry, in terms of environmental preferences of the modern society. Most paper products generate from wood pulp, while textile fibers are commonly not isolated from woody fibers. The materials based on cellulose and its derivatives have been used for a wide variety of applications, such as food additives, paper manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, or other chemical engineering uses, such as chromatography, paints, and explosives.
2017
The aim of this work was to prepare low-cost and suitable microcrystalline cellulose [MCC] powder from corn husk [CH]. Extraction of microcrystalline cellulose was performed by pulping of husks with different acids [Hydrochloric acid, Sulfuric acid, and Nitric acid], alkali [Sodium Hydroxide] treatment and bleaching. The morphology of the treated microcrystalline cellulose was investigated using scanning electron microscopy [SEM], which showed a compact structure and sharp surface. Fourier transform infrared [FT-IR] spectroscopy indicated that characteristic peaks of all prepared microcrystalline cellulose [Hydrochloric acid, Sulfuric acid, and Nitric acid] samples and Marketed product [Avicel PH101] were similar. As per X-ray diffraction [XRD] crystallinity index of the produced microcrystalline cellulose ranged from 73% to 79%. The resultant excipient obtained from above mentioned method demonstrated strong thermal stability. Authenticity of the microcrystalline cellulose was proved by comparing physico chemical and micromeritic properties with Avicel PH101.
We have extracted cellulose from corn huskusing an eco-friendly multistep procedure involving acid-alkaline treatment andbleaching. This multistep procedure essentially removed lignin and hemicelluloses. The extracted cellulose is highly crystalline as verified by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The aim of this work was to prepare and evaluate micro crystalline cellulose as a potential excipient in the production of pharmaceutical dosage forms due to itslow cost as it is derived byrecycling wastes
Processes
Lignocellulosic biomass is widely grown in many agricultural-based countries. These are typically incinerated or discarded in open spaces, which further may cause severe health and environmental problems. Hence, the proper utilization and conversion of different parts of lignocellulosic biomasses (e.g., corn wastes derived leave, cob, stalk, and husk) into value-added materials could be a promising way of protecting both health and environments. In addition, they have high-potential for myriads applications (e.g., pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles, and so on). In this context, herein, we isolated holocellulose (a mixture of alpha α, beta β, and gamma γ cellulose) from corn waste, and then it was converted into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Subsequently, the prepared CMC was evaluated successfully to be used as a pharmaceutical excipient. Different characterization tools were employed for structural, morphological, and thermal properties of the extracted holocellulose and synthes...
Carbohydrate Polymers, 2009
Cellulose with properties suitable for films and absorbents has been extracted from corn kernels and DDGS. Although DDGS is an inexpensive and abundant co-product that contains valuable components, it is currently not being used for industrial applications. DDGS contains about 9–16% cellulose by weight but the properties of cellulose in DDGS or even in corn kernels such as degree of polymerization (DP), morphology and crystallinity of cellulose have not been studied. In this study, cellulose was extracted from corn kernels and DDGS using alkali and enzymes. A minimum crude cellulose yield of 1.7% and 7.2% with cellulose content of 72% and 81% was obtained from corn kernels and DDGS, respectively. The solids obtained after extraction with cellulose contents ranging from 35% to 81% were made into films with tensile strength and elongation up to 42.5 MPa and 3.3%, respectively, using water and without any additional chemicals. The cellulose obtained holds water up to 9 times its weight and could therefore be used as an absorbent. The cellulose could also be used as paper, composites, lubricant and nutritional supplement.