COVID-19 Vaccines: Current and Future Perspectives (original) (raw)
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COVID-19 vaccine candidates and vaccine development platforms available worldwide
Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2021
The pandemic caused by the worldwide spread of the coronavirus, which first appeared in 2019, has been named coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). More than 4.5 million deaths have been recorded due to the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), according to the World Health Organization. COVID-19 Dashboard in September 2021. Apart from the wildtype, other variations have been successfully transmitted early in the outbreak although they were not discovered until March 2020. Modifications in the SARS-CoV-2 genetic material, such as mutation and recombination, have the ability to modify the viral life span, along with transitivity, cellular tropism, and symptom severity. Several processes are involved in introducing novel vaccines to the population, including vaccine manufacturing, preclinical studies, Food and Drug Administration permission or certification, processing, and marketing. COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been developed by a number of public and private groups employing a variety of strategies, such as RNA, DNA, protein, and viral vectored vaccines. This comprehensive review, which included the most subsequent evidence on unique features of SARS-CoV-2 and the associated morbidity and mortality, was carried out using a systematic search of recent online databases in order to generate useful knowledge about the COVID-19 updated versions and their consequences on the disease symptoms and vaccine development.
COVID-19 Vaccines: Current Conditions and Future Prospects
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It has been over a year since SARS-CoV-2 was first reported in December of 2019 in Wuhan, China. To curb the spread of the virus, many therapies and cures have been tested and developed, most notably mRNA and DNA vaccines. Federal health agencies (CDC, FDA) have approved emergency usage of these S gene-based vaccines with the intention of minimizing any further loss of lives and infections. It is crucial to assess which vaccines are the most efficacious by examining their effects on the immune system, and by providing considerations for new technological vaccine strategies in the future. This paper provides an overview of the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with their mechanisms of action, current technologies utilized in manufacturing of the vaccines, and limitations in this new field with emerging data. Although the most popular COVID-19 vaccines have been proven effective, time will be the main factor in dictating which vaccine will be able to best address mutations and future infect...
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Coronavirus Infectious Disease (COVID-19) has taken heavy toll on human lives and world economy across the globe. Till date, there is no specific treatment and pathological effects in COVID-19 are continuously evolving. The governments and authorities have announced various measures for personal care with use of face masks, physical distancing and prohibition of mass gatherings. These measures have certainly helped to contain the disease but with substantial economic slowdown. Thus mass immunization by vaccination is the top priority. With knowledge of MERS-SARS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) in hand, researchers are rushing to vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) with newer technological platforms. However, the challenge lies in proving safety, quality and efficacy of vaccine with its resilience to manufacture it in large scales within stipulated time frame. The time consuming nature of cl...
COVID-19 Pandemic and Vaccines Update on Challenges and Resolutions
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2021
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by a positive-stranded RNA virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), belonging to the Coronaviridae family. This virus originated in Wuhan City, China, and became the cause of a multiwave pandemic that has killed 3.46 million people worldwide as of May 22, 2021. The havoc intensified with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1.1.7; Alpha, B.1.351; Beta, P.1; Gamma, B.1.617; Delta, B.1.617.2; Delta-plus, B.1.525; Eta, and B.1.429; Epsilon etc.) due to mutations generated during replication. More variants may emerge to cause additional pandemic waves. The most promising approach for combating viruses and their emerging variants lies in prophylactic vaccines. Several vaccine candidates are being developed using various platforms, including nucleic acids, live attenuated virus, inactivated virus, viral vectors, and protein-based subunit vaccines. In this unprecedented time, 12 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 ha...
An overview of vaccine development for COVID-19
Therapeutic Delivery, 2021
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to endanger world health and the economy. The causative SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has a unique replication system. The end point of the COVID-19 pandemic is either herd immunity or widespread availability of an effective vaccine. Multiple candidate vaccines – peptide, virus-like particle, viral vectors (replicating and nonreplicating), nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), live attenuated virus, recombinant designed proteins and inactivated virus – are presently under various stages of expansion, and a small number of vaccine candidates have progressed into clinical phases. At the time of writing, three major pharmaceutical companies, namely Pfizer and Moderna, have their vaccines under mass production and administered to the public. This review aims to investigate the most critical vaccines developed for COVID-19 to date.
Medical Research Archives
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or Coronavirus was initially detected in Wuhan China in December 2019 and has subsequently resulted in the COVID-19 pandemic. The disease presents asymptomatically in some of individuals yet also causes symptoms ranging from those associated with influenza and pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and even death. The world is currently relying on physical (social) distancing, hygiene and repurposed medicines; however, it was predicted that an effective vaccine will be necessary to ensure comprehensive protection against COVID-19. There was a global effort to develop an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 with approximately 300 vaccines in clinical trials, and over 200 more in different stages of development and anticipated that their success will change research clinical trials processes. Although every one of these vaccines comes with its own particular set of characteristics and difficulties, they were a...
COVID-19 vaccine: Potential candidates, achievements, and challenges
GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS]-CoV-2, which is the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 [COVID-19] disease, has engulfed more than 2.4 million people and still counting. As this pandemic is at its peak and is responsible for more than 100 million infected people worldwide, there is an urgent need to develop an effective vaccine to stop the COVID-19 disease. More than 220 vaccine candidates are in the pre-development stage while 15 candidates are in the developmental stage, from which Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, and some other vaccines have received approval by some countries for emergency use only. Fever, tiredness, headache, joint pain, swelling at the injection site and some other common effects have been found by using these vaccines. Efficacy, rapid mass production, and long-term immunity as well as acceptance of vaccination by society are the main challenges in developing a safe vaccine against COVID-19 despite the fact that some vaccines have over 90% efficiency...
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Since the reemergence of a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the disease caused by this virus, known as COVID-19, has been spreading rapidly all around the world. As of early June 2020, COVID-19 has infected more that 6.6 million people, and has caused more than 390,000 deaths, globally. Similar to its pioneers, namely SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, there is currently no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment against this virus. This review provides a timely overview on efforts as well as different platforms used for developing an effective vaccine against COVID-19.
The COVID-19 Vaccines: Recent Development, Challenges and Prospects
Vaccines, 2021
The highly infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with the pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to become a global pandemic. At present, the world is relying mainly on containment and hygiene-related measures, as well as repurposed drugs to control the outbreak. The development of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for the world to return to pre-pandemic normalcy, and a collective global effort has been invested into protection against SARS-CoV-2. As of March 2021, thirteen vaccines have been approved for application whilst over 90 vaccine candidates are under clinical trials. This review focuses on the development of COVID-19 vaccines and highlights the efficacy and vaccination reactions of the authorised vaccines. The mechanisms, storage, and dosage specification of vaccine candidates at the advanced stage of development are also critically reviewed together with considerations for potential challenges. Whilst the developm...
Strategies and Challenges in the Development of Coronavirus Disease-2019 Vaccine
Epidemiology – Open Journal, 2021
The novel coronavirus infection (coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)) emerged from Wuhan in the Hubei Province of China in late 2019. Millions of people were infected with COVID-19 pandemic due to the long incubation period of the virus inside the human body and the dearth of available treatments or vaccines. High transmission rates created havoc, which highlighted the urgent need for effective interventions to stop the spread and clinical impact of the virus on patients and populations. Previous research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) provides information on vaccination strategies that could inform how governments approach the elimination of this novel coronavirus. Numerous efforts have been made to develop vaccines against Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and SARS. The spike glycoprotein or S protein is the critical target for most of the drugs and vaccines against coronavirus. The virus uses the spike (S) protein for entering the host cell, by ...