Introduction to Ad-Hoc Network Routing Algorithms FINAL TERM PAPER (original) (raw)

IJERT-A Survey of Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad- hoc Networks

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2012

https://www.ijert.org/a-survey-of-energy-efficient-routing-protocols-for-mobile-ad-hoc-networks https://www.ijert.org/research/a-survey-of-energy-efficient-routing-protocols-for-mobile-ad-hoc-networks-IJERTV1IS10316.pdf This paper presents a survey on energy efficient routing protocols for Mobile ad hoc networks. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are autonomously self-organized networks without any fixed infrastructure. MANETs are deployed for emergency situation. In a mobile ad hoc network, nodes move randomly; therefore the topology may change rapidly and in unpredictable manner. Nodes in a MANET normally have limited transmission ranges, limited battery power and some nodes cannot communicate directly with each other. There may be multiple hops in a routing path hence every node in a MANET has the responsibility to act as a router. Reducing networks energy consumption and extending nodes lifetime are two important issues in MANET. This paper is a survey of active research work on routing protocols for MANET.

Comparative Study of Energy Efficient Routing Algorithms in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development, 2015

Mobile ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) is a wireless network which comprises of set of wireless mobile nodes. These nodes are infrastructure-less as well as devoid of central administration. Important issues in MANET are link failure, power failure of node, limited bandwidth, and limited transmission power. To overcome these problems energy efficient protocol has become a very interesting and important research area. Energy consumption is a vital issue because routing is based on nodes battery lifetime and it's efficiency to maintain the network. So routing decisions must be such that critical nodes does not exhaust and network lifetime and route reliability increases. In this paper, we investigate the different protocols proposed to resolve the issue of energy consumption of routing nodes in MANET. We provide parameterized study of energy efficient protocols. Main aim of the study is to explore the ideas for innovators and researchers to design more energy efficient routing protocols.

IJERT-Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2012

https://www.ijert.org/energy-efficient-routing-protocols-for-mobile-ad-hoc-networks https://www.ijert.org/research/energy-efficient-routing-protocols-for-mobile-ad-hoc-networks-IJERTV1IS5144.pdf In mobile ad hoc network nodes have limited battery power. If a node is used frequently for transmission or overhearing of data packets, more energy is consumed by that node and after certain amount of time the energy level may not be sufficient for data transmission resulting in connection failure. In this paper, we have considered three routing protocols-Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) & Minimum Maximum Battery cost Routing (MMBCR), Ad hoc OnDemand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AODV) and studied their performances in terms of network lifetime for the same network scenario. Simulations are carried out using NS2. Finally from the simulation results we have concluded that MMBCR gives more network lifetime by selecting route with maximum battery capacity thereby outperforming DSR. General Terms: Energy efficiency, MANETS, Routing Protocols.

Survey of Energy Aware On-demand Multipath Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

With the advance of wireless communication technologies, small-size and high-performance computing and communication devices like commercial laptops and personal digital assistants are increasingly used in daily life. After the success of second generation mobile systems, more interest was started in wireless communications. This interest has led to two types of wireless networks: infrastructure wireless network and infrastructure less wireless network, it is also called Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET). The Mobile Ad Hoc Networks are essentially suitable when infrastructure is not present or difficult or costly to setup or when network setup is to be done quickly within a short period. They are very attractive for tactical communication in the military and rescue missions like earthquake, flood, tsunami, fire and emergency operations. They are also expected to play an important role in the civilian fora such as convention centers, conferences, and electronic classrooms. The nodes in the MANET are typically powered by batteries which have limited energy reservoir. Sometimes it becomes very difficult to recharge or replace the battery of nodes; in such situation energy conservations are essential. The lifetime of the nodes show strong dependence on the lifetime of the batteries. In the MANET nodes depend on each other to relay packets. The loss of some nodes may cause significant topological changes, undermine the network operation, and affect the lifetime of the network. Hence the energy consumption becomes an important issue in MANET. The main aim of this article surveys many all most all different types of energy aware on-demand multipath routing protocols in the MANET. The previous articles surveyed only few on-demand energy aware multipath routing protocols in the MANET. Hence this article is very useful to research community of MANET. I. INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS Today, we see two kinds of wireless networks but the difference between them is not as obvious as it seems [2]. The first kind and most used today is a wireless network built on top of a " wired " network and thus creates a reliable infrastructure wireless network. The wireless nodes are able to act as bridges in a wired network is shown in fig.1. This kind of wireless nodes are called base-stations. An example of this wireless network is the cellular-phone networks where a phone connects to the base-station with the best signal quality. When the phone moves out of range of a base-station, it does a " hand-off " and switches to a new base-station within reach. The " hand-off " should be fast enough to be seamless for the user of the network. The second approach, called Ad hoc, does not rely on any stationary infrastructure. All nodes in ad hoc networks are mobile and can be connected dynamically in an arbitrary manner. Each node in such networks behaves as a router and takes part in discovery and maintenance of routes to other nodes. In the MANET every node can perform the role of host as well as router, thus nodes, which are out of transmission range, can be accessed by routing through the intermediate nodes. The network topology of MANET is always changing, as their mobile nodes are free to move around and can freely leave or join the networks shown in fig 2.

A Comparative Study of Power Aware Routing Protocols of Ad Hoc Network

Ijca Proceedings on National Workshop Cum Conference on Recent Trends in Mathematics and Computing 2011, 2012

An adhoc mobile network is a collection of mobile nodes that are dynamically located in a manner that interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on continual basis. In order to provide communication within network different power aware routing protocols to discover routes between nodes. The main goal of such routing protocols is to establish a route between a pair of nodes so that messages can be delivered in a proper manner .

ESAR: An energy saving ad hoc routing algorithm for MANET

2012 Fourth International Conference on Advanced Computing (ICoAC), 2012

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) support multi hop routing in the absence of central base station. The change in network topology due to the node movement associated with the link failure and creation, scarce in radio resources and bandwidth, limited battery power and computing capability pose challenges in packet routing in MANET. The proposed Energy Saving Ad hoc Routing (ESAR) algorithm targets to achieve better energy efficient with a longer network life time. The algorithm selects a path for routing by considering the actual distance between the source and destination along with the minimum available energy of a node in the path. This selected path is chosen as the best path for packet transmission till any node in the path exhausts battery power beyond a threshold value. At this point of time, a backup path is selected as an alternate path for packet transmission. The process is repeated till all the paths from the same source to destination are exhausted with their battery power. The simulation result of the proposed algorithm ESAR indicates that the network life time is improved upon the existing routing algorithms.

ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR REDUCING ROUTING OVERHEAD IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a highly dynamic and infrastructure less network, in which mobile nodes communicate with each other autonomously. Link changes occur frequently and there is a limited bandwidth that makes the communication challenge-able. The existing routing protocol like DSR, AODV selects the shortest path between the source and destination. It won't check the stability of the link for flooding. So there is a chance of link failure. Recovering from the failure of the link in MANET leads to more energy consumption. The problem of link failure can be overcome by an approach called Link Stability and Energy aware routing. The proposed protocol is Delivery Probability based Route Stability Protocol (DPRSP). The key idea of the protocol is to find the link quality, maximize energy and reduce delay. Reflection of these factors increase packet delivery ratio, throughput's and reduce end to-end delay. The proposed protocol is simulated using NS-2. Keywords: MANET, AODV, DSR, DPRSP

Power Efficient Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

International Journal of Research, 2014

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) routing is challenged by power and bandwidth constraints as well as frequent topology changes due to which it must adapt to and converse quickly. The absence of any central coordinator and infrastructure less network make routing a complex one for MANETs. Routing protocols consider the path with the minimum number of hop counts as the efficient path for transmission of data packets to any given destination. However, it does not provide efficient power consumption and may create node failure resulting loss of data packets. If the battery of a node is drained out, then it cannot communicate with other nodes and the number of dead nodes makes the network partition. A routing protocol called Power Efficient Routing (PER) is proposed which enhances the quality of services’ issues such as Packet Delivery Ratio, End to End delay, Energy Consumption and Network Lifetime. This paper presents a scheme for efficient power routing based on residual battery capacity, transmission power, and hop count to route the data packets. A simulation study demonstrates the effectiveness of proposed scheme to provide reliable transmission than the existing AODV.

An Overview of Energy Efficient Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) are characterized by dynamic topology and decentralized connectivity which makes routing a challenging task. Moreover, the nodes in MANETs are typically powered by batteries which have limited energy reservoir and some times it also becomes very difficult to recharge or replace the battery of the nodes. Hence, power consumption becomes an important issue. The power consumption rate of each node must be evenly distributed to maximize the lifetime of ad hoc mobile networks, and the overall transmission power for each connection request must be minimized. In this article, we discuss about the different energy aware routing protocols as well as various metrics responsible for energy (power) optimization.

Overview of Power Efficient Routing in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 2019

The wireless ad hoc network is a fast-deployment, infrastructure-free, self-organizing network that is ideally suited for applications involving special outdoor events, communications in regions that have not infrastructure, natural disasters and military operations. Routing is one of the main issues of the in such networks because of their very dynamic and distributed nature. In particular, energy-efficient routing is the most important design criterion for ad-hoc networks since wireless nodes will be powered by limited-capacity batteries. The power outage of a mobile node affects not only the node itself but also its ability to transfer packets on behalf of others and thus the overall lifetime of the network. The paper focuses on reviewing the work done in the routing of energy efficiency in the wireless ad-hoc networks.