Extrahepatic Portosystemic (original) (raw)
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Acta Veterinaria Brno, 2013
The aim of the study was to investigate changes in erythrocyte osmotic resistance in relation to haematological and histological changes in dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt. Osmotic fragility tests with complete blood counts and liver histological examinations were performed in 12 dogs with single extrahepatic portosystemic shunt confirmed by surgical exploration. Laboratory results were compared with those from 30 healthy dogs. Dogs with portosystemic shunt had a significantly increased erythrocyte osmotic resistance (P < 0.01) with 5%, 50% and 90% haemolysis corresponding to 0.45%, 0.35% and 0.30% NaCl solution, respectively. Statistical analyses revealed no correlation between haematological indicators and the osmotic fragility test results. Increased osmotic resistance was significantly associated with hepatic lipogranulomas. Based on these results, dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt have a significantly increased erythrocyte osmotic resistance suggesting impaired red blood cell deformability. Osmotic resistance test that until now was not studied in canine hepatopathies seems to be independent of routinely performed haematological tests.
Journal of Veterinary Research
Introduction: The clinical symptoms of portosystemic shunts (PSSs) and hepatic microvascular dysplasia (HMD) – portal vein hypoplasia (PVH) in dogs are similar. PSSs are abnormal vascular connections between the portal vein system and systemic veins. HMD is a very rare developmental vascular anomaly, recognisable during histopathological examination. The study aim was to assess the prevalence of HMD–PVH and hepatocellular and vascular pathologies in the liver. Material and Methods: Liver biopsies from 140 dogs (of different breeds and both sexes) arousing clinical suspicion of PSS were examined histopathologically. Results: An initial PSS diagnosis was confirmed in 125 dogs (89.29%). HMD–PVH was found in 12.32% of dogs, as an isolated disease in 9.29%, especially in Yorkshire terriers, and with extrahepatic PSS in 6.67%. Histopathological analysis of muscles around sublobular veins showed that HMD cases presented hypertrophy or hypertrophy with fibrosis. In 2.17% of all dogs with li...
SIMULTANEOUS CONGENITAL AND ACQUIRED EXTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS IN TWO DOGS
Veterinary Radiology <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Ultrasound, 2003
Two dogs with simultaneous congenital and acquired portosystemic shunts are reported. The first dog was an eight-month-old, male Golden Retriever with a history of peritoneal effusion, polyuria/polydipsia, and stunted growth. The dog had a microcytic, hypochromic anemia, a mildly elevated AST, and a moderate to severely elevated preprandial and postprandial serum bile acids. Transcolonic portal scintigraphy confirmed the presence of a portosystemic shunt. An intraoperative mesenteric portogram was performed. Two conjoined congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts and multiple acquired extrahepatic portosystemic shunts were identified. The second dog was a five-month-old, mixed breed with two week history of peritoneal effusion. Abdominal ultrasound and transcolonic scintigraphy were used to diagnose a portosystemic shunt. A single extrahepatic portosystemic shunt, portal hypertension, and multiple acquired collateral shunts were identified at surgery. The histologic alterations observed in these dogs were consistent with a portosystemic shunt. In these dogs, the presence of congenital and acquired portosystemic shunts and histopathologic findings are considered to represent a combination of congenital portosystemic shunts and noncirrhotic portal hypertension or portal vein hypoplasia.
Intrahepatic Postsinusoidal Venous Obstruction in a Dog
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 1991
Intrahepatic postsinusoidal obstruction, similar to congenital Budd-Chiari syndrome in human patients, was diagnosed in a young Basenji dog. Sonographic, radiographic, and manometric studies were used in antemortem localization of this unusual functional lesion, that was believed to be congenital. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1991; 5:317-321) A NINE-MONTH-OLD female Basenji dog with chronic intermittent diarrhea was donated to the College of Veterinary Medicine at North Carolina State University for an ongoing study of immunoproliferative enteropathy of Basenjis. Diarrhea began at 8 weeks of age, and was nonresponsive to antibiotics, antispasmodics, parasiticides, and pancreatic enzyme supplementation. The dog was undersized (4.5 kg), emaciated, and had rapid shallow respirations, xerosis, rough darkened margins on both pinna, an umbilical hernia, abdominal effusion, and hepatomegaly. Laboratory abnormalities included normocytic, normochromic regenerative anemia (PCV -24%), and leukocytosis (34,2OO/uL) with mature neutrophilia and eosinophilia. Urinalysis results were normal. A modified Knott's test, occult heartworm test (CITE), and results of a series of fecal flotation examinations were negative. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and globulin concentration were high (335 IU/L and 6.4 gm/dl), and albumin was low (1.9 gm/dl). A polyclonal gammopathy with beta and gamma globulin spikes was identified by serum protein electrophoresis. Results of the abdominal fluid analysis were consistent with a modified transudate: total protein 5.6 g/dl, nucleated From the
Acquired Portosystemic Shunts Secondary to Hepatic Microvascular Dysplasia in a Young Dog
Journal of Veterinary Clinics, 2020
A one year old spayed female Bichon Frise dog presented with gait abnormalities and seizure. Serum biochemical results showed elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and ammonia. Serum bile acid level was also increased to be over 30 mol/L on preprandial. Urinalysis identified the presence of ammonium urate crystal. Abdominal ultrasonography and CT revealed aberrant, tortuous, and multiple small vessels connected to the caudal vena cava between left kidney and caudal vena cava. Macroscopic specific findings associated with extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts (PSS) or other liver diseases were not identified. Liver biopsy was performed. Histopathologic evaluation revealed hepatic lobular hypoplasia with portal arterial duplication and vascular shunts. Based on these finding, this case was diagnosed as multiple acquired PSS secondary to hepatic microvascular dysplasia (HMD) and hepatic encephalopathy. A liver biopsy is recommended to differentiate HMD from other liver diseases and to confirm HMD when a young dog has multiple acquired PSS.
Congenital portosystemic shunts in Maltese and Australian Cattle Dogs
Australian Veterinary Journal, 1994
Congenital portosystemic shunts were definitively diagnosed in 62 dogs over a period of 15 years. Maltese and Australian Cattle Dogs were significantly overrepresented, accounting for 14 and 13 cases, respectively. Maltese invariably had a single extrahepatic shunt derived from the left gastric or gastrosplenic vein, whereas Cattle Dogs usually had large intrahepatic shunts involving the right liver lobes. The clinical syndromes resulting from anomalous portosystemic communications were indistinguishable in the 2 breeds. Fasting blood ammonia concentration was elevated in 20 of 22 dogs tested, providing a minimally invasive and effective means of diagnosis. Complete or partial shunt attenuation was performed successfully in all 9 Maltese and in 2 of 6 Cattle Dogs in which it was attempted. Aust Vet j 71:174 -178
Peritoneal EMH in a Dog with Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 2013
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is the process by which normal blood cells are produced outside the bone marrow. In humans, EMH effusions are rare and are characterized by the presence of megakaryocytes, immature erythrocytes, immature leukocytes, or combinations of those cells. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report to describe a case of peritoneal EMH effusion in a dog. A 5 yr old castrated male shorthaired dachshund presented with a 2 day history of pigmenturia and inappetence. A complete blood count revealed regenerative anemia with marked agglutination, spherocytosis, and an acute inflammatory leukogram characterized by a neutrophilia, regenerative left shift, and monocytosis. Ultrasound-guided aspiration of peritoneal effusion yielded a sample of high nucleated cellularity predominantly composed of mature and immature neutrophils and erythroid precursor cells. The patient was diagnosed with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia with concurrent EMH peritoneal...
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTING IN DOGS AND CATS
Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 2004
The value of ultrasonography was evaluated in 85 dogs and 17 cats presented with a clinically suspected portosystemic shunt (PSS). A PSS was confirmed in 50 dogs and nine cats (single congenital extrahepatic in 42, single congenital intrahepatic in 11, and multiple acquired in six). Six dogs and one cat had hepatic microvascular dysplasia, and 29 dogs and seven cats had a normal portal system. Ultrasonography was 92% sensitive, 98% specific, and had positive and negative predictive values of 98% and 89%, respectively, in identifying PSS, with an overall accuracy of 95%. When a PSS was identified with ultrasonography, extrahepatic, intrahepatic, and multiple acquired PSS could be correctly differentiated in 53/54 patients (98%). The combination of a small liver, large kidneys, and uroliths had positive and negative predictive values of 100% and 51% for the presence of a congenital PSS in dogs. The portal vein/aorta (PV/Ao) and portal vein/caudal vena cava (PV/ CVC) ratios were smaller in animals with extrahepatic PSSs compared with animals with microvascular dysplasia, intrahepatic PSSs and those without portal venous anomalies (Po0.001). All dogs and cats with a PV/Ao ratio of 0.65 had an extrahepatic PSS or idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Dogs and cats with PV/Ao and PV/CVC ratios of ! 0.8 and ! 0.75, respectively, did not have an extrahepatic PSS. Reduced or reversed portal flow was seen in four of four patients with multiple acquired PSSs secondary to portal hypertension. The presence of turbulence in the caudal vena cava of dogs had positive and negative predictive values of 91% and 84%, respectively, for the presence of any PSS terminating into that vein.
PloS one, 2014
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with liver disease. The pathogenesis of he is incompletely understood although ammonia and inflammatory cytokines have been implicated as key mediators. To facilitate further mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis of HE, a large number of animal models have been developed which often involve the surgical creation of an anastomosis between the hepatic portal vein and the caudal vena cava. One of the most common congenital abnormalities in dogs is a congenital portosystemic shunt (cpss), which closely mimics these surgical experimental models of HE. Dogs with a cPSS often have clinical signs which mimic clinical signs observed in humans with HE. Our hypothesis is that the pathogenesis of HE in dogs with a cPSS is similar to humans with HE. The aim of the study was to measure a range of clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters, which have been linked to the development of HE in hu...
The Veterinary record, 2004
Doppler ultrasonography was used to evaluate the portal vein in 14 dogs before, immediately after and four weeks after a partial ligation of a congenital extrahepatic portocaval shunt. By four weeks after the operation, the hepatofugal or zero flow in the portal vein segment cranial to the shunt origin had become a hepatopetal flow in 13 of the dogs, which became clinically healthy. The other dog continued to have a hepatofugal flow in the portal vein cranial to the origin of the shunt and continued to show clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy. The shunt remained functional in six of the dogs, and three of them developed portosystemic collaterals in addition. In the other eight dogs the patent shunt was non-functional, because a hepatopetal flow was detected in the shunt adjacent to the portal vein. This flow was the result of the splenic vein entering the shunt, and the splenic blood dividing; some flowed via the shunt towards the portal vein, preventing the portal blood from s...