Losing Control: Freedom of the Press in Asia (original) (raw)

Abstract

nformation is power, or so the enduring dictators of history have understood. In so many of Asia's capitals, from Beijing to Jakarta, from Rangoon to Hanoi, the scene was the same. In obscure back rooms, rows of desks lay lined up, their surfaces rubbed smooth by years of diligent effort, as the faceless agents of authoritarian states dutifully poured over newspapers and magazines. Carefully, the swarms of censors cut out 'subversive' articles from abroad, one by one, or bent low over' offensive' captions and photographs and blacked them out by hand. They laboured over their own local newspapers too, erasing hints of rebellion and allusions to unpalatable truths tucked within the reams of propaganda. The carefully edited articles that resulted were read by one and all, but believed by very few. The authoritarian, or quasi-authoritarian regimes of the post-colonial era in Asia, understood well the relationship between control over information and political power. In China, reading groups are convened to vet the ideological content of newspapers and to sway appropriately with the prevailing political winds. In Burma and Vietnam regimes still prefer risking the death of artistic expression by subjecting even song lyrics to the dour committees of ideological correctness. In the not-too-distant past, the enemy governments of South and North Korea, faced each other across the de-militarised zone, their regimes carrying labels from the opposite sides of the ideological spectrum, but their authoritarian controls over information much the same. And in Soeharto' s Indonesia the military intelligence service worked directly within parts of the local media as well as harassing, cajoling and co-opting the foreign press.

Figures (4)

Meanwhile, Channel 2 was handed back to its former owners, the Lopez family, who returned from exile in the United States after the fall of Marcos. The Lopez firm, ABS-CBN, turned Channel 2 into the most popular station through mass-oriented programming in Tagalog. The Lopezes run a diversified business empire that includes, apart from broadcasting, telecommunications, power, water and infrastructure. They also own radio station DZMM, the second largest in the country. In the Philippines, the owners of TV networks also operate radio stations, but they are banned from owning newspapers.

Meanwhile, Channel 2 was handed back to its former owners, the Lopez family, who returned from exile in the United States after the fall of Marcos. The Lopez firm, ABS-CBN, turned Channel 2 into the most popular station through mass-oriented programming in Tagalog. The Lopezes run a diversified business empire that includes, apart from broadcasting, telecommunications, power, water and infrastructure. They also own radio station DZMM, the second largest in the country. In the Philippines, the owners of TV networks also operate radio stations, but they are banned from owning newspapers.

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  202. Barisan Nasional (the National Front) (Malaysia) 117, 173
  203. BBC World Service 9, 23, 43, 48, 95, 138; 180-2,250
  204. Berita Harian 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130-1, 133, 135
  205. Bloomberg News 13
  206. Borneo Bulletin 31-2 Brent 43
  207. Bui Tin 250 Bulaksumur 84 Bulgaria 144
  208. Burma 1,5-7,15-25
  209. BusinessWorld (Philippines) 156, 162
  210. Cambodia 2, 14--5
  211. Canada 45 Ceasescu 5 Cebu 156 censor, censorship 1-6, 8, 10, 12, 16- 7, 19, 21, 25, 30, 33, 38, 43, 53, 190-1,193,195,202-3,220-1,223, 232,240,246,255
  212. Central News Agency 214, 218 chaebol 203
  213. Chamlong Srimuang 220
  214. Chan Fang On-sang, Anson 64--6, 70, 72
  215. Chanda, Hiebert and Jayasankaran 127
  216. Chandra Muzaffar 133
  217. Chang Hosoon 198
  218. Chao Phraya 219, 223
  219. Chatchai Choonhavan 224 Chavalit 226, 227 Chellam 170
  220. Chen Cheng-chung 210, 216
  221. Chen Ziming 47
  222. China ii, iii, 1, 5-7, 10, 12, 14--5, 58-71, 95-6, 109, 138, 143, 144, 145, 240, 243, 252
  223. China Democracy Party 53, 210
  224. China News Service 40
  225. China Television 210
  226. China Times 210, 212, 218
  227. Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 6, 37- 46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 55, 56, 210
  228. Lague 178
  229. Lai Shou-lu, Cheryl214 Landers 110, 111
  230. Le Renovateur (Laos) 26
  231. Lee Hsien Loong 177
  232. Lee Kuan Yew ii, 7, 65, 68, 69, 169-71, 177-8, 186, 189
  233. Lee Teng-hui 39, 43, 215
  234. Lei Chen 210 Lenin 2 Lent174 Lian He Wanboa 174 Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) 98, 101, 111
  235. Lim Kit Siang 127
  236. Lim Guan Eng 119
  237. Lim Sang-won 198
  238. Lindsey82 Lin He Zaobao 174
  239. Li Peng 39 Louyot 32 Luther and Boyd 105 Luwarso 80, 82
  240. Lyu Eun-suk 191 McKinnon 248 Mahathir 115, 117-8, 123, 126, 128-9, 133-5, 175
  241. Mainichi Shimbun 95-6, 98-9, 105-7, 113
  242. Manila vi, 147, 151, 153-6, 158, 162, 165, 167 Manila Bulletin 153-5
  243. Mao Zedong 37, 51, 243
  244. Marcos iii, vi, 6, 11, 147 market reform 37, 51, 55
  245. Marr 241, 243
  246. Maung K ya Can 23 Maung Saw Tun 23 media ethics 64, 71 Merritt 178
  247. Ming Pao 44, 51, 58, 60, 62, 68
  248. Minister of Information (Malaysia) 120, 128 Ministry of Information (Burma) 20, 24
  249. Minjok Ilbo 195
  250. Minju Choson 141 Mohamed 31 Mongolia 3, 11, 15 Montsame 29, 30, 31
  251. Moon Sun-myong 204
  252. Myanma Alin 19, 20, 21, 23-5 N ain 134, 135 Nakada 106