Chokecherry Tree(s) v : Operative Modes of Metaphor in (original) (raw)
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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2020
This paper is concerned with cognitive research advances in a comparative study of the metaphor within educational contexts. By focusing on the role of metaphorical processes in reasoning, we investigate the metaphor over a period of time from 334 B.C. to 2014: specifically, from Aristotle's seminal rhetorical theorytradition acknowledges him as the founding father of the metaphor as a research method and as a scientific toolup to Lakoff and Johnson's [1] and Gola's [2] arguments. The pivotal role of metaphor in the evolution of linguistics and neuroscience is represented through three diagrams in a Cartesian reference system, highlighting its ascending staircase paradigm: the undisputed star of many essays and theories, as stated by Eco and Paci [3], either despised or cherished as it happens with any star. The abscissas (i.e., x-axis) and the ordinates (i.e., y-axis) draw the biography of metaphor: since birth, Aristotle describes its embellishment qualities in the linguistic labor limae, but it is even more exalted as a sign of ingeniousness which develops different research perspectives. This paper aims to clarify the development path of the metaphor: until the seventeenth century, after losing its cognitive quality detected in paternal writings, it was diminished as a similitudo brevior, a "will-o'-the-wisp" or sentenced to a sort of "linguistic deceit". Furthermore, the paper aims to share a theoretical and methodological approach which releases the metaphor from the rhetorical cage where it has been enveloped by some ancient and modern authors of the rhetorical tradition. Indeed, we embrace the idea that metaphor is not merely a part of language, but reflects a primordial part of people's knowledge and cognition. In so doing, we show who and how has outlined that the pervasiveness of metaphors cannot be overlooked in human understanding and life, although, among the mysteries of human cognition, metaphor remains one of the most baffling.
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Earlier studies have demonstrated the dynamic properties of metaphor by showing how the meanings and functions of metaphorical expressions can flexibly change and develop within individual texts or discourse events (Cameron 2011). In this paper, we draw from Linell's (2009) typology of 'recontextualization' in order to analyze the development of particular metaphors in three pairs of linked texts, each produced over a number of years, on the topics of medicine, politics and the parenting of children with special needs. We show how key metaphorical expressions from earlier texts or conversations are re-used by later writers, in different genres and registers, to convey new meanings and serve new functions. We account for these new meanings and functions by considering the relevant domain of activity and the differences between the original context of use and the context(s) in which the metaphor is re-used. Our study contributes, from a diachronic perspective, to the growing body of literature that recognizes the dynamic and context-bound nature of metaphorical language. Earlier studies have identified and discussed the dynamic properties of metaphor within individual texts and conversations. In particular, Cameron and other scholars have argued that the meanings of metaphorical expressions are inherently flexible, and emerge in different ways in different contexts of use. As a result, the same metaphorical expressions are sometimes re-used within the same text or discourse event with different meanings and functions (Cameron and Low 2004, Cameron and Gibbs 2008, Cameron 2011). It has also been shown that particularly prominent metaphors for specific topics can be employed in different ways in different contexts. Such metaphors seem to evolve over time as they are used and re-used by different speakers and writers in different texts or interactions (Musolff 2010). Moreover, a number of studies have demonstrated that the density, forms and functions of metaphors in language can vary substantially depending on context of use, or, more specifically, on