Antibacterial Interaction of Crude Methanol Extract of Garcinia kola Seed with Gatifloxacin (original) (raw)
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American Journal of Therapeutics, 2002
The effect of Garcinia kola seed extract (100 mg/kg) on the pharmacokinetic and antibacterial effects of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (40 mg/kg) was studied. The results (mean ± SEM) indicated that concurrent administration of both agents significantly (P < 0.05) decreased average serum concentration, peak serum concentration, and elimination rate of ciprofloxacin HCl, whereas the half-life and clearance rate were increased. The decrease in clearance rate was not significant. There was no difference in time to peak plasma concentration of ciprofloxacin HCl in both groups (n = 5), which occurred at 1 hour. However, the peak plasma concentration of ciprofloxacin HCl was 46.90 ± 9.50 g/mL in the group that received ciprofloxacin HCl alone as against 35.80 ± 9.30 g/mL noted in the group that received both agents (difference of 22.24%). At 2.5 hours and longer, the values were higher in the group that received both agents, but these were not statistically significant. The reciprocal serum inhibitory titer (SIT) was 33.33 and 50.00% higher in group that received ciprofloxacin HCl alone at 1 and 2.5 hours, respectively; the highest value for both groups being at 1 hour. In contrast, at 4 hours, the value of reciprocal SIT was 66.67% higher in the group that received both agents and at 24 hours, the value was zero for both groups. The observed pharmacokinetic and antibacterial interactions at various time interval indicate biphasic interaction. The interaction was antagonistic at 1 and 2.5 hours, but exhibited potentiation at 4 hours. The precise mechanism underlying the observed biphasic interaction is not fully understood.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations on the Antibacterial Activities of Garcinia Kola Seed
2019
The antibacterial activity of Garcinia kola seed extract against Staphyloccoccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae of was investigated. Garcinia kola Seeds were purchased from Okitipupa local market in okitipupa metropolis of Ondo State. The seeds were dehusked, chopped, air dried, pulverized and stored in a clean air tight bottle sample. 100 g of pulverized Garcinia kola seed was extracted with 900 mL of analytical grade methanol. The mixture was filtered and concentrated to obtain a crude extract. Agar-gel diffusion inhibition technique was adopted for the antimicrobial screening of Garcinia kola seed. 2.0 ml of 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml and l00 mg/ml of Garcinia kola seed extract was gently poured into each of the wells in the agar plates. Agar plates of ampiclox were also prepared as control. The agar plates of both extract and antibiotic were then incubated at a temperature of 37°C for 24 hours. The zones of inhibition around the well were measured. The zones of inhibition of the extract against selected bacteria range from 00 mm to 21 mm. The control (ampilox) showed zones of inhibition of 22, 30, 32 and 29 mm against Staphyloccoccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. Based on the zones of inhibition the order of susceptibility of the bacterial to the extract was Staphyloccoccus aureus>Escherichia coli>Bacillus subtilis>Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results obtained from this study, provides scientific evidence that can help in validation of Garcinia kola seed as antibacterial agent for the treatment of bacteria infections. Also, the insilico docking study showed that kolaviron have the highest tendency to inhibit all the studied bacterial cell lines.
Scientific Research Journal, 2019
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of fractionation of the crude methanol extract of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds on phytochemical constituents and in vitro antimicrobial activity. Method: Fractionation was carried out using the solvent portioning method with solvents of different polarities. Phytochemical analysis was done by use of specific analytical test for each constituent. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the broth microdilution assay while the minimum bactericidal concentration was carried out using the agar well diffusion method. Results: The different fractions exhibited differences in their composition of the phytochemical constituents. This observation was however not dependent on the sequence of the polarity of the solvents. The acetone fraction presented similar phytochemicals compared with those of the crude methanol extract. The n-hexane fraction presented the least phytochemicals. The crude methanol fraction exhibited antibacterial activity against all the isolates at the concentration of 200 mg/ml, suggesting that fractionation may not be of any added advantage on the antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity exhibited by the fractions against all the isolates were significant lower compared to that due to the standard antibiotic, gentamicin, 4 mg/ml (P < 0.05). Similarly, it was shown that the antibacterial activity of each of the fraction was dose-dependent, with larger zones of inhibition corresponding to higher concentrations (P < 0.05). The acetone fraction exhibited highest antibacterial activity on S aureus with a zone of inhibition of inhibition of 20.5 ± 7.1 mm at the concentration of 200 mg/ml. This was significantly lower compared to 31.5 ± 6.2 mm due to gentamicin, 4 mg/ml (P < 0.05). The lowest antibacterial activity was exhibited at 200 mg/ml was seen with the methanol fraction on E coli with a zone of inhibition of 4.3 ± 1.2 mm and it was the only fraction with effect against this isolate. The n-hexane fraction did not exhibit any visible antimicrobial activity on all the isolates. Conclusion: Fractionation of the crude methanol extract revealed the antibacterial activity of the fractions with the acetone fraction more effective on S aureus than the crude extract. The finding generally confirms and validate the traditional claims and other scientific findings that Garcinia kola possesses principles that are antibacterial. This could therefore justify its traditional use in some infectious diseases and the need for further investigations.
Antibacterial activity of Garcinia kola seed and leaf extracts on some selected clinical isolates
Garcinia kola seeds and leaves were screened for their anti bacterial activities using 1% hydrochloric acid, diethylether, acetic acid (ethanoic acid) and acetone. The seeds and leaves were dried and ground into powdered form. 10g of the ground seeds and leaves were in four sets. 90ml of the extraction solvents was added to each set. The seed and leaf extracts were tested on clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus pyogenes using Agar Diffusion Method. Acetic acid seed and leaf extract showed the highest degree of zones of inhibition of 44mm and 37mm respectively against all the test organisms. The other extracts showed no inhibitory effect on the test organisms. The mechanism of action of the seed and leaf extract on the four bacteria had leakage of both protein and potassium (K+) ions. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of some bioactive components like alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides. These components determine the antibacterial activity of the seed and leaf extracts. The results from this study, provides scientific evidence that Garcinia kola has the capability of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic micro organisms; thus it will be useful in tropical medicine for the treatment of microbial infections.
2020
The different parts of plants such as seed, leaves, barks and root contain medicinal substances. These substances produce definite physiological action in the human body. This present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The phytochemical constituents were carried out using standard methods. The antibacterial activities of the plant extracts was determined using agar-well diffusion method. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined by micro-broth dilution method. Phytochemical analysis shows that Phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, saponin, alkaloids and anthraquinolones were present in varying concentrations of the different extracts. The methanol extract of G. kola seed possesses more antimicrobial activity (17-...
Anti Microbial Efficacy of a Syrup Formulated from Methanol Extract of Garcinia Kola Seed
This study was designed toevaluate the in vitro antimicrobial properties of the methanol extract of Garcinia kola seed and its syrup formulation and compare the latter with commercial antibiotic syrups against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by the standard agar diffusion method. The physicochemical properties of the syrups were also assessed. The test microorganisms were significantly susceptible (p<0.01) to the extract (MIC = 3.50 ± 0.04 mg/ml for Escherichia coli and 5.05 ± 0.12 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus) and the syrup formulation (IZD = 12.00 ± 0.05 mm for Escherichia coli and 24.00 ± 0.19 mm for Staphylococcus aureus). The antibacterial activity of Garcinia kola syrup was greater than amoxicillin and metronidazole syrups but less than co-trimoxazole syrup against the test microorganisms. The physicochemical data revealed that the pH of Garcinia kola syrup compared favourably with the pH of the commercial syrups, whereas the viscosity of theherbal syrup was less than those of commercial syrups thus enhancing its administration. This research has shown that methanol extract of Garcinia kola seed can successfully be formulated into syrup. Standardization ofthe Garcinia kola syrup will hopefully expose new frontiers by improving on the available safe, stable and efficacious dosage forms of this herbal medicine.
AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2012
The study was conducted to screen for in vitro antibacterial activity of crude ethanol, acetone and aqueous seeds extract of Garcinia kola at different treatment regimes against some selected clinical bacterial isolates comprising of Gram positive and negative organisms namely; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the major chemical groups responsible for the activity were determined. The agar well diffusion method was employed to determine the inhibitory effects of the seeds extract on the test microorganisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration exerted by the extracts against the bacterial isolates ranged between 3.125 and 25 mg/ml. The zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts against the tested bacterial isolates ranged between 4.0 and 10.5 mm. The crude ethanol extract was found to exhibit more significant (P<0.01) inhibitory action against all the bacterial isolates at the various treatment regime. Also, compared to crude acetone and aqueous extracts, it was also notably found to exhibit significant (P<0.05) effects against the bacterial isolates. The preliminary phytochemical test revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, sterols and terpenes as the major chemical groups in the plant extracts. The results of this study revealed that the in vitro antibacterial activity exhibited by the seeds extract may be attributed to the presence of these phytochemical compounds.
The synergistic antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic, extracts of Garcinia kola and Ocimimum gratissimum leaves against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multi-drug resistant Pseudo-monas aeruginosa (MDRPA) was evaluated. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of G. kola seeds and O. gratissi-mum leaves showed antibacterial activities at varying concentrations (50, 100, 150) against the test organisms (MDRPA and MRSA). The MIC of the aqueous extract of G. kola seeds against MDRPA and MRSA were 25mg/ml and MBC of 50mg/ml respectively, 25 and 12.5mg/ml for the ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola seed and MBC of 50 and 25mg/ml for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus respectively. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of O. gratissi-mum leaves had MIC 50 and 25mg/ml for aqueous extracts, 12.5 and 25mg/ml for the ethanolic extract against the test organisms. The combined aqueous and ethanolic extract of both G. kola seeds and O. gratissimum leaves showed more antibacterial activities against the test organisms than the single extract with MIC of 12.5mg/ml and MBC of 25mg/ml for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Combined use of both plant parts could find useful application in combating emerging drug resistance caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multi-drug re-sistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author CCE designed the study and served as the principal investigator. Author TOE participated in sample processing and analysis. Author AAI participated in study design and sample collection. Author CNA participated in data acquisition and analysis. Author AUN participated in the study design and sample processing and drafted the manuscript for publication. Author INA participated in sample collection and processing. Author FTO participated in study design and served as the principal supervisor. Author OOO participated in sample processing and drafting of study protocol. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
academicjournals.org
This study has been done to evaluate the interactions between acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Helichrysum longifolium in combination with six first-line antibiotics comprising of Penicillin G sodium, Amoxicillin, Chloramphenicol, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin and Ciprofloxacin using both the time-kill and the chequerboard methods and against a panel of bacterial isolates comprised of referenced, clinical and environmental strains. The time-kill method revealed the highest bactericidal activity exemplified by a 6.7 Log 10 reduction in cell density against Salmonella spp. when the extract and Penicillin G are combined at ½ × MIC. Synergistic response constituted about 65%, while indifference and antagonism constituted about 28.33% and 6.67% in the time kill assay, respectively. The chequerboard method also revealed that the extracts improved bactericidal effects of the antibiotics. About 61.67% of all the interactions were synergistic, while indifference interactions constituted about 26.67% and antagonistic interactions was observed in approximately 11.66%. These suggest that the crude extracts of the leaves of H. longifolium could be potential source of broad spectrum antibiotics resistance modifying compounds.