Flip the Model: Strategies for Creating and Delivering Value (original) (raw)

The Transformation of Films and Audiences from Early Years of Cinema to Hollywood

FA49A: Cinema and Audience, Sociological Debate - Fall, 2022

This paper explores the birth and evolution of cinema, focusing on its impact on movie theaters, films, and audiences. It highlights the motivations behind cinema's development and the early fascination with moving images. The emergence of nickelodeons made movies more accessible to a wider audience, including immigrants and the working class. Feature films brought changes in narrative structure and appealed to the middle and upper classes. The global movie industry before WWI gradually gave way to Hollywood's dominance. French Impressionism and movements like Dadaism and Surrealism challenged traditional narratives. Eventually, Hollywood adopted a standardized narrative structure. Overall, cinema's transformation was influenced by technology, industry, changing audiences, and artistic movements, shaping it into its recognizable form today.

Product differentiation at the movies. Hollywood 1946 to 1965

Journal of Economic History, 2002

In the post–Second World War period the floor fell out of the market for films in the United States. However, while the average revenue of films fell, the “hit” end of the market sustained itself. The growing inequality in the distribution of revenues meant that the risks associated with high-budget productions could no longer be balanced against the steady earnings of medium-budget films. During the 1950s the “majors” all became distributor–financiers as they reduced their exposure to the risks associated with film production. In doing this, they retained their dominant position in the industry.

Cinema Changes: Incorporations of Jazz in the Film Soundtrack

Cinema Changes: Incorporations of Jazz in the Film Soundtrack, edited by Emile Wennekes and Emilio Audissino. Turnhout: Brepols., 2019

Edited Collection. Cinema is the form of entertainment that can be, above all, identified with the twentieth century. It gradually replaced theatre as a popular form of performed storytelling, and replaced opera too as the new “multimedia” art form, soon incorporating music as one of cinema’s privileged means to co-tell stories. Speaking of music, jazz was as sensational a twentieth-century novelty as cinema was. The two soon teamed up, and jazz, with its various incarnations and styles, has accompanied the moving images and the cinematic narratives throughout the decades. It was inevitable that these two iconic art/entertainment forms, jazz and cinema, should meet, blend, cooperate, and have a reciprocal influence. While the early film music was mostly symphonic and inspired by the late-romantic nineteenth-century idiom, jazz and Afro-American music — in various form and with diverse and changing racial/social connotations — appeared onscreen even before the landmark film The Jazz Singer (1927), which officially launched the sound era. This collection of essays seeks to study the long-standing relationship between jazz and cinema, from the silent era to the contemporary sound cinema, on an international level.

Hollywood's Major Crisis and the American Film "Renaissance

2008

In its long history, Hollywood faced several crises most of which were sustained with slight damage. However, the most severe crisis started in the post-war years and culminated in the period of the late 60s and early 70s when the Big Hollywood Studios came to the brink of bankruptcy. The aim of this paper is to re-examine the post-war period in order to assess the major changes (social, political, economic, technological) that gravely affected the Hollywood system of production and transformed the American cinema. As a result of this, Hollywood underwent a brief period of radicalization and innovation, which came to be known as Hollywood Renaissance. Hollywood Renaissance films like Bonnie and Clyde (1967), The Graduate (1967), and Easy Rider (1969) marked a return to a truly American Cinema. Furthermore, the films' artistic sensibilities brought them closer to their European counterparts. In effect, the period of the late 60s and early 70s signaled a rebirth of the American Fi...

The relationships between music and sound effects in post 1960 popular Hollywood film

2013

were all pioneers in the exploration of the newly developed sound film. "Sound should be used selectively, not indiscriminately."1 This pregnant statement acts as a point of departure for the respective film sound theories of the above-mentioned pioneers. That is to say that film sound practice should strive to "... eliminate sounds that fall outside understanding or significance; every sound must signify."2 These are the threads on which modern Hollywood film sound practice i~being woven, with one noteworthy exception: many of the pioneers deliberately avoided tautology as much as possible in their films while Hollywood has always embraced the tautological use of sound. This is indicative of a fundamental ideological eiifference: Hollywood is essentially an entertainment industry and strives to provide escapism while early French and especially Russian Formalist cinema were anti-bourgeois and strove to provide art for art's sake. While the scope of this dissertation does not encompass further study into the ideology behind film sound, Hollywood's status as an entertainment industry governs its artistic decisions and therefore has a direct effect on the very SUbject of this dissertation. Post 1960 popular Hollywood film has seen a small but significant rise in the awareness among the film industry and audience alike of the possibilities that sound may offer a film. This is not to say that there were no Hollywood films before 1960 that achieved excellence in their usage of sound (Citizen Kane [1941] and Forbidden Planet (1956] are both fine examples), but the shower

Profitability trends in Hollywood, 1929 to 1999: somebody must know something

This article presents an overview of the development of the US film industry from 1929 to 1999. Notwithstanding a volatile film production environment, in terms of rate of return and market share variability, the industry has remained relatively stable and profitable. Film production by the film studios is interpreted as analogous to the construction of an investment portfolio, whereby producers diversified risk across budgetary categories. In the 1930s, high-budget film production was relatively unprofitable, but the industry adjusted to the steep decline in film-going in the postwar period by refining high-budget production as the focus for profitability.