Characterisation of mechanical and thermal properties of double base propellant (original) (raw)
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Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Grouts for Pipeline Repair
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2015
Underground steel pipelines are the most efficient ways to transport oil and gas over a long distance. Steel pipes are considerably susceptible to deteriorate due to corrosion that can lead to serious pipeline failure. The application of fibre-reinforced composite overwrapped with epoxy grout on a damaged circular or rectangular structure is often practiced by the industry. The mechanical properties of the epoxy grouts are critical to their potential application as infill materials in pipeline repair. In this study, the mechanical behaviour of two epoxy based grouts was investigated. The mechanical tests were carried out accordance to the ASTM D695 for the compressive test, the ASTM D790 for the flexural test and the ASTM D638 for the tensile test. From the tests results, the compressive strength and stiffness of the grouts are found to be 60-88 MPa and 2.8-4.9 GPa, respectively. The flexural and tensile strengths of the grouts are found to be within the ranges of 35-43 MPa and 19-33 MPa, respectively. The flexural modulus was recorded at 3.91-11.87 GPa while tensile modulus range is within 2.07-4.65 GPa. From this study, it is concluded that the mechanical properties of the both grouts have the potential to be used in structural rehabilitation as suggested properties in previous research. In addition, for compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength less than 90, 45 and 35 MPa, both grouts can be considered as capable to serve its repair purpose in repair and rehabilitation.
AIMS Materials Science, 2016
Offshore oil and gas pipelines are susceptible to corrosion and need rehabilitation to keep them operating in-service conditions. Fibre composite filled with epoxy-based grout is emerging as an effective repair and rehabilitation system for offshore pipelines performing underwater. In such applications, the infill grout is often subjected to moisture and elevated temperature along with compressive, tensile and localised stresses at the defect. Current standards and practices for composite repairs suggest detailed investigation of the fibre reinforced sleeve, while the characterisation of the infill material is yet to be conducted for performance evaluation. The present work investigates the mechanical and thermal properties of three epoxy grouts as candidates for infill in a grouted sleeve repair for underwater pipeline. An understanding on the effect of hygrothermal ageing on the grout properties for defining the period of 1000 hours as "long-term" according to ISO/TS 24817, in comparison to their unconditioned state, is also presented. The compressive and tensile strength of the unconditioned grouts ranges from 100-120 MPa, and 19-32 MPa, respectively, which indicates that these grouts are suitable for structural rehabilitation of the pipelines. Moreover, the glass transition temperatures, T g and T t of the unconditioned grouts are found to be within the ranges of 50-60 °C, and 80-90 °C, respectively, which are reduced by about 20°C after conditioning.
Infill Materials of Epoxy Grout for Pipeline Rehabilitation and Repair
The oil and gas industry uses carbon steel pipelines as the basic element in transporting crude oil and gas. These pipelines are subjected to deterioration due to several factors, including third party damage, material and construction defects, natural forces and corrosion. Deterioration of underground pipelines due to corrosion can lead to serious pipeline failures such as leakage and explosion. Hence, methods to repair such damage have been developed in order to extend the durability of pipelines. This paper reports on the current development of infill materials of epoxy grouts used for pipeline external repair. Assessment of the defects should be completed by pipeline operators to identify list of parameters including pipeline operating characteristic, geometries and materials of pipeline, and configuration and location of pipeline to make the best option of repair techniques. Therefore, selection of an appropriate rehabilitation system is crucial in preventing the future failure...
2014
Oil and gas pipes are susceptible to failure initiated by corrosion due to their operating pressure under adverse atmospheric conditions. Repairs, comprising a composite shell assembled around the pipe with a small gap, which is then infilled with grout, are considered a suitable option for corroded pipelines. This paper presents the investigation on the mechanical (compression, tension) properties and glass transition temperatures of two infill grouts, after 1000 hour of hot/wet conditioning. An extended investigation on the moisture absorption behaviour was also carried out, revealing the highest absorption to be about 6% after 2520 hours of immersion. The glass transition temperatures of the grouts are reduced by approximately 20oC. The results suggest that the grouts underwent significant reduction of strength and stiffness due to hot/wet conditioning when tested at an elevated temperature, compared to room temperature. This reduced strength and stiffness is the result of the gr...
Effective Dispersion of Carbon Nanotube in Epoxy Grout for Structural Rehabilitation
E3S Web of Conferences
The industry nowadays is incorporating the composite repair system for repairing pipelines rather than the conventional steel repair. The mechanism of this repair method usually consists of three components which are the composite wrapping, infill material and the adhesive. However, there has been very little research on the function of the infill in the repair mechanism. This work is concerning the enhancement of the performance or the strength properties of the infill material in pipeline repair by reinforcing the putty with carbon nanotubes (CNT). The enhancement of the performance of the infill has been carried out by dispersing the CNT into epoxy resin with a three roll mill. In the mechanical properties testing, it is found that the CNT is an effective material to improve the tensile strength of the epoxy grout. However, the CNT-modified samples in the compressive property test show a contrast to the tensile test. All the CNT-modified samples exhibit a lower compressive streng...
THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY HYBRID COMPOSITES
Two different mineral particulates Graphite/Granite filled cross breed composites is readied by scattering into the Epoxy as the centre material utilising tenet of half and half blends (Rohm). Mechanical properties like effect quality and hardness, rigidity and modulus morphological properties are additionally concentrated. Composites are read utilising hand layup strategy as a part of the vicinity of hot pressure shaping procedure. The effect quality and hardness properties of graphite/rock composites were researched concerning the relative weight of graphite and stone. The filler stacking is advanced at notable weight example were explored. It is found from the effect quality test that every one of the composites is expanded bit by bit like the stone % increments. From the unique filling example, the tensile properties were marginally higher for the composites having Graphite as filler and Granite as centre material. Checking electron microscopy (SEM) was utilised to study effect crack surfaces of different composites.
2015
This research report contains guidance for eliminating thermal and shrinkage cracking in epoxy grout pourbacks used in post-tensioned anchorages. In this study, an experimental investigation of a selected epoxy grout pourback material and finite element analysis on the full-scale pourback specimens using the same pourback material were conducted. The study was undertaken to better understand the pourbacks' failure mechanisms and provide guidelines and methods for eliminating them. Additionally, field investigation of epoxy grout pourbacks cracking was made at two bridge sites in Tampa and Miami. Based on a comprehensive literature review, manufacturer and contractor feedbacks, field investigation, and full-scale testing potential factors affecting epoxy grout pourback were determined to be the pourback size, shapes (particularly shapes with obtuse corner), ambient condition and concrete substrate's temperature. The results of the full-scale testing and finite element analysis indicated that the primary cause of pourback failure was due to thermal cracking. The manufacturer-provided peak exothermic temperature did not reflect what was measured in the full-scale specimens as well as in the researchers' own laboratory test, which were significantly higher. It was found that both the peak exothermic temperature and the maximum thermal stress increased as the volume-to-surface (V/S) ratio increased. It should be noted that the V/S ratios calculated in this report were based on the volume divided by the area of the exposed surfaces (the face of the epoxy grout not in contact with the concrete) in ft. The shapes also played a significant role particularly shapes with obtuse corners. The thermal cracks found in the field and full-scale specimens were full-depth cracks that penetrated through the epoxy grout. Therefore, it is recommended that these cracks should be immediately sealed. To avoid the thermal cracks, it is highly recommended, based on the findings of this study, that the V/S ratio of the epoxy grout be limited to 0.30 ft and 0.35 ft for irregular (S-type) and rectangular (R-type) shaped pourbacks, respectively.
MATEC Web of Conferences, 2017
The objective of this study is to determine the effect of epoxy resin on the physico-mechanics, thermal and microstructure properties of geopolymers hybrid composites for geothermal pipe application. Hybrid composite epoxy-geopolymers pipes were produced through alkali activation method of class-C fly ash and epoxy resin. The mass of epoxyresin was varied relative to the mass of fly ash namely 0% (SPG01), 5% (SPG02), 10% (SPG03), 15% (SPG04), and 20% (SPG05). The resulting materials were stored in open air for 28 days before conducting any measurements. The densities of the product composites were measured before and after the samples immersed in boiling water for 3 hours. The mechanical strength of the resulting geothermal pipes was measured by using splitting tensile measurement. The thermal properties of the pipes were measured by means of thermal conductivity measurement, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fire resistance measurements. The chemical resistance was measured by immersing the samples into 1M H 2 SO 4 solution for 4 days. The microstructure properties of the resulting materials were examined by using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The results of this study showed that hybrid composite epoxy-geopolymers SPG02 and SPG03 are suitable to be applied as geothermal pipes.
Mechanical Properties of a New Composite Sleeve for Pipeline Repair
2011
This paper outlines the results of a series of experiments designed and conducted by the authors in order to determine the mechanical properties of a new composite material used for manufacturing the sleeves for the consolidation or reinforcement of the zones with local surface defects (flaws) in transport pipelines. The analysis and interpretation of the results allowed the authors to: assess the effectiveness of the new composite in repairing pipelines with local metal loss defects; establish the most effective way of preparing the pipeline surface for the application of the new composite sleeve; and to emphasize the correlation between the elastic properties of composites and the consolidation or reinforcement effect on the corroded or damaged pipelines following the application of composite sleeves.