Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anaemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in the Second and Third Trimesters at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya (original) (raw)
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Anaemia in Pregnancy: Prevalence and Possible Risk Factors in Kakamega County, Kenya
Science Journal of Public Health, 2014
Anaemia in expectant women is a serious worldwide public health problem with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Haematological parameters indicative of pregnancy anaemia need to be investigated to provide basis for prompt management of anaemia in pregnancy. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of anaemia in pregnant mothers of various age groups and at different gestation periods visiting antenatal clinic at a county level 5 hospital. The ages of recruited participants ranged from 16 to 40 years with a mean age of 26.8 ± 4.3 years. A total of 320 blood samples were collected during the first and subsequent visits to antenatal clinic from January to December 2013. The age, marital, socioeconomic status, highest level of education, stages of each pregnancy of each participant were recorded. Haemoglobin estimation was done using a HemoCue ® B-Hemoglobin system and positive anaemia cases were classified as mild, moderate, severe and very severe based on the world health organization criteria. The haemoglobin concentrations ranged from 6.5 g/dl-15.5 g/dl with a mean of 10.2 ± 1.3g/dl. Data was analysed using the Chi-square test and Odds ratio. Out of all blood samples analyzed, 128 (40%) were anaemic of which 62.5% (n=80) were mildly anaemic cases whereas 37.5% (n=48) were moderately anaemic and no severe anaemic cases were detected. Anaemia was more prevalent (33.3%-60%) in second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Study results confirm that socioeconomic deprivation and lack of basic education are important factors that predispose pregnant women to anaemia. Anaemia levels reported are low but persistent and present a potentially serious public health problem to the mother, foetal growth and delivery outcome and therefore require serious attention. It is recommended that the county government initiates free iron supplementation and enlist services of extension nutritionists in an integrated programme for the prevention and management of pregnancy related anaemia.
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2020
Background: Anaemia in pregnancy is one of the major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality in India and world. Anaemia in pregnancy continues to be a problem in spite of national programs for its prevention and control. It accounts for 1/5 th of maternal deaths worldwide and 16% in India and is the major factor responsible for low birth weight, abortions, premature birth, and post-partum haemorrhage. Hence determining the status and factors influencing anaemia among pregnant women is essential to treat and prevent the same. Objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors associated with anaemia among pregnant women. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 200 pregnant women attending for antenatal care at KIMS OPD from 3 rd June to 4 th July. A pretested, semi-structured questionnaire was applied to collect data. Haemoglobin estimation was done by Sahli's method. Results: Prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was found to be 81%; majority had moderate anaemia 57%. The mean age of pregnant women in the study is 24.55 years and 46.5% belong to lower socioeconomic status, 43% lived in joint families. Factors influencing anaemia were multi-parity, short inter-pregnancy interval, no history of recent deworming and iron and folic acid tablets intake. Conclusions: In the present study, the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was found to be very high i.e., 81% especially among illiterates, low income groups, multiparous women, short inter-pregnancy interval, no history of recent deworming and iron and folic acid tablets intake.
MED PHOENIX, 2020
Background: Anaemia in pregnancy is a global health challenge. It is the commonest medical disorder of pregnancy and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Main cause of anaemia in obstetrics is iron deficiency. There are specific risks for the mother and the fetus such as intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity, and blood transfusion. Hence, the importance of giving iron in the antenatal period and to be continued postnatally. Objectives: The study was conducted to determine the overall prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women presenting in third trimester and its effect on pregnancy outcome. Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive study done at National Medical College & Teaching Hospital from September 2015 to August 2016. During the study period 2048 pregnant women attended antenatal clinic in third trimester. Among 2048, 1200 were booked cases and out of these women with haemoglobin less than 11gm/dl were labeled as anaemia. The prevalence was calculated along with the maternal and fetal outcome. Result: Among 2048, 1200 were booked cases, 368 (30.66%) were anemic, 66.30% were multigravida, 67.93% in age group of 21-30 years, 284 patients came for delivery. In 14.08% patients there was preterm labour, apgar score less than 7 in 66.19% babies. Majority of neonate weighed between 2.0-2.5kg (49.29%). Perinatal deaths were 2.81%.
African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2022
In developing countries such as Nigeria, anaemia in pregnancy is thought to be one of the most common complications of pregnancy accounting for a significant level of maternal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy among women attending the booking Antenatal Clinic (ANC) in Benue State University Teaching Hospital (BSUTH), North-Central, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from May 2019 to January, 2020 on 299 women. A structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic, clinical, and nutritional information from pregnant women attending the clinic who consented to participate in the study. Haematocrit levels were stratified according to the World Health Organisation's (WHO) classification as follows: <7mg/dL-severe, 7-8.99mg/dL-moderate, 9-10.99mg/dL-mild anaemia and ≧ 11mg/dL-non-anaemic. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25.0. Chi-square test was conducted to determine relationships. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors for anaemia among pregnant women. P-value <0.05 and odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval were used to assess the association. The mean age of respondents was 29.9, ranging from 18-40 years. One hundred and twenty-three (41.1%) women were anaemic (haemoglobin [Hb] < 11.0 g/dL). The majority (95.1%) of these anaemic patients were mildly anaemic, whereas 4.9% were moderately anaemic. There was no case of severe anaemia (Hb < 7.0 g/dL). The prevalence of anaemia was significantly higher in those within the age group of 20-24 years and those with lower levels of education (P < 0.05). The patient's gestational age, number of miscarriages and birth interval had no significant relationship with the haemoglobin concentration among the pregnant women in this study (P > 0.05). However, parity, clinical features such as fever, and practices like use of haematinics and non-consumption of meat, poultry and fish were significantly related to anaemia (P < 0.05). The pregnant women who did not take haematinics were 5.8 times likely to develop anaemia (OR=5.8, 95%CI [2.3, 14.5]) while pregnant women who did not eat meat, poultry or fish were 9 times more likely to become anaemic than pregnant women who ate (OR=9.0, 95%CI [1.0, 79.5]). The prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy is high among women attending booking antenatal clinic at BSUTH, North-Central, Nigeria, and requires specific intervention that address the identified risk factors.
SSRG international journal of medical science, 2019
Background: Anemia is a significant public health problem in developing countries, particularly in pregnant women. It refers to a condition in which the hemoglobin content of the blood is lower than normal. In developing countries, the cause of anemia during pregnancy is multi-factorial and includes nutritional deficiencies. It is associated with an increased risk of maternal and prenatal morbidity and mortality. In order to design an intervention for prevention of anemia in pregnancy, determination of its magnitude and identifying associated risk factors for anemia are paramount importance. Objectives: To determine the magnitude and factors associated with anemia during pregnancy among mothers attending antenatal care at Chiro Referral Hospital antenatal care clinic from September 2017 to January 2019. Methods: Cross sectional study design was used .The study participants were selected using systematic sampling technique from their sequence of antenatal care visit in the period of study, and associated risk factors data were collected using structured questionnaire by trained antenatal care service providers. Level of haemoglobin was determined. Descriptive and analytical statistics were computed using SPSS version 20. Chi-square-the analytical statistics was used to identify predictor variables associated with the dependent variable-anemia. Result: The overall prevalence of anemia in this study population was 57.1%. Two hundred twenty two cases (57.2%) showed mild type of anemia followed by moderate anemia 156 (40.2%) and the remaining 10 (2.6%) were having severe anemia. Iron supplementation [p-value <2.2e-16], trimester[ pvalue 0.002], abortion p-value 0.053], birth interval[ p-value0.008], history of any illness [p-value 9.991e-09], contraception[ p-value 3.654e-07], presence of pica [p-value <2.2e-16], food aversion [p-value <2.2e-16], residence[ p-value 0.04], fruit vegetable consumption[ p-value 4.518e-13] and meat/poultry consumption [p-value 3.068e-08] had statistically significant association with anemia in pregnant women. Parity and bleeding during index pregnancy were not significantly associated with anemia. Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia was found to be 57.1%. Iron supplementation during pregnancy and presence of pica were significantly associated with anemia in the study population. Therefore, long term and short term strategies helpful in alleviating these predisposing factors need to be developed so as to reduce the number of mothers affected by anemia.
Anemia, 2018
Background. Anemia among pregnant women is one of the most common public health problems in developing country. World health organization (WHO) estimate shows nearly half of pregnant women were affected by anemia. High burden of anemia is observed in Africa particularly in Ethiopia. However, the factors that contribute to the occurrence of anemia were not exhaustively studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify determinant factors of anemia among pregnant women in Durame Town, southern Ethiopia. Method. An institutional based unmatched case control study was conducted among 111 cases and 222 controls in Durame Town from 16th February to 8th May 2017 using interviewer administered questionnaires. Controls were pregnant women whose hemoglobin level was 11 g/dl and above at their first antenatal care clinics and cases were pregnant women whose hemoglobin level was less than 11 g/dl. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model was used to see the determinants of anemia. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value were used to identify the significant association. Result. A total of 333 women (111 cases and 222 controls) participated in the study. The major determinant factors were parasitic infection (AOR: 3.67, 95% CI: 1.72-7.86), not taking additional diet during pregnancy (AOR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.22-5.08), consuming tea/coffee immediately after food (AOR: 3.58, 95% CI: 1.72-7.42), not eating meat (AOR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.03-4.15), previous heavy menstrual blood flow (AOR: 2.62, 95% CI: 1.18-5.84), and being housewife (AOR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.02-5.57). Conclusion. Parasitic infection, additional diet during pregnancy, consuming tea/coffee immediately after food, meat consumption, previous heavy menstrual blood flow, and occupational status of women were significant factors associated with anemia among pregnant women. Therefore, anemia prevention strategy should include promotion of counseling on additional diet during pregnancy, preventing parasitic infection, and increasing employment opportunities for women.
Risk Factors of Anaemia Among Pregnant Women in Banyo Health District, Adamawa Region of Cameroon
Central African Journal of Public Health, 2019
Background: Anaemia in pregnant women remains a major preoccupation in the fight against maternal and infant mortality. It constitutes a sure materno-infantile morbidity and mortality risk, premature delivery and small weight births. Objective: This study was aimed at determining the risk factors of anaemia among pregnant women in the Banyo Health District in the Adamawa Region, Cameroun. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out for six weeks (September 17 to November 3, 2013) in 6 health facilities of the Banyo Health District. Included in this study were all pregnant woman received during prenatal consultation in the health facilities of the Banyo Health District who gave her consent to participate in the study. Data collection was done with the help of a questionnaire. A total of 297 pregnant women received during prenatal consultation in the 6 health facilities of the 5 health areas were chosen by the systematic consecutive sampling method. These women benefited from a haemoglobin test after a capillary blood draw was carried out which permitted a paraclinical evaluation of the anaemia. Data were analysed by Excel and SPSS 22 softwares. Results: The results showed that the mean haemoglobin rate was of 10.8±1.89 g/dl. 52.5% of pregnant women were anaemic amongst which 46% had mild anaemia, 48% had moderate anaemia and 6% had severe anaemia. 63% of the women with anaemia live in polygamous household and 55.7% do not wash their hands with soap after a meal. The prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women in the Banyo Health District was associate with the consumption of kaolin (OR=1.9 [1.1-3.9] p=0.049), irregular iron supplement intake (OR=2.9 [1.4-5.9] p=0.014) and the number of meal consumed per day less than or equal to 2 (OR=2.81 [2.13-5.9] p=0.007). On the other hand, regular fruit consumption (OR=0.28 [0.11-0.74] p=0.011), sound knowledge of the causes (OR=0.36 [0.19-0.68] p=0.002) and the consequences (OR=0.35 [0.19-0.7] p=0.003) of anaemia were significantly associated with lesser risk of anaemia among the pregnant women. Conclusion: The high prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women in the Banyo Health District remains a preoccupying health problem. It demonstrates the need of a global action in resolution of this public health problem. As such, there is a need to mobilize a preventive strategy with emphasis on sensitization, nutritional and health education. In addition, maternal systematic iron supplementation from the second trimester of pregnancy remains an imperative.
Anaemia in Pregnancy: Prevalence and Socio demographic determinants
2015
Background and objectives: Anaemia is a commonly prevalent nutritional deficiency disorder. Its prevalence and severity is known to increase during pregnancy. Multitude of factors like dietary habits, poverty, ignorance, poor sanitation, poor access to health care and religious practices etc. have been found to be associated with anaemia. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among pregnant women attending health facilities in a district of West Bengal. Methods: A Cross sectional study was conducted among 174 pregnant women in three PHCs and one Hospital selected randomly. Data were collected by observation and interview of the antenatal mothers. Results: Prevalence of anaemia was 66.1%. It was higher among women from minority community (90.2%), women who were illiterate (83.3%), who worked as labourers (84.4%), had fewer ANC visits (84.4%), consumed less than 100 IFA tablets(81.4%), whose husbands worked as labourers (73.0%), an...
Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2018
Background: Anemia is a significant public health problem in developing countries, particularly in pregnant women. It refers to a condition in which the hemoglobin content of the blood is lower than normal. In developing countries, the cause of anemia during pregnancy is multifactorial and includes nutritional deficiencies. It is associated with an increased risk of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. In order to design an intervention for prevention of anemia in pregnancy, determination of its magnitude and identifying associated risk factors for anemia are paramount importance. Objectives: To determine the magnitude and factors associated with anemia during pregnancy among mothers attending antenatal care at Adama Hospital Medical College antenatal care clinic from November to December 2017. Methods: Institution based cross sectional study design was used in Adama Hospital Medical College from November to December 2017. The study participants were selected using systematic sampling technique from their sequence of antenatal care visit in the period of study, and associated risk factors data were collected using structured questionnaire by trained antenatal care service providers. Level of haemoglobin was determined. Descriptive and analytical statistics were computed using SPSS version 20. Odds Ratios, P-values and 95% CIs-the analytical statistics from bivariate and multi variate logstic regression were used to identify predictor variables associated with the dependent variable-anaemia. Result: A total of 329 participants completed the study making the response rate of 97.0%. The mean age of the participants was (26.5 ± 4.03). The prevalence of anaemia was found to be 14.9%. Pregnant women who had pica during pregnancy had 33.6(13.92-81.48) times more likely to be anemic compared with those had no history of pica. Pregnant women who didn't take iron supplementation during their pregnancy were 0.196(.085-.445) times more likely to be affected by anemia when they compared with those who took iron supplementation. Conclusion: The prevalence of anaemia was found to be 14.9%. Iron supplementation during pregnancy and presence of pica were significantly associated with anaemia in the study population. Therefore, long term and short term strategies helpful in alleviating these predisposing factors need to be developed so as to reduce the number of mothers affected by anaemia.