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Economic Sanctions Against the Islamic Republic of Iran from the Human Rights Perspective
European Scientific Journal, 2014
Since the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Islamic Republic of Iran has always exposed to various international sanctions due to different reasons and excuses. They put Iran under different sanctions directly or indirectly through international organizations, under the pretext of creating an international order. As matter of fact, they pursue their own foreign policy goals and use sanctions as a means to achieve those goals. Economic sanctions is one of the sanctions type that have been imposed on Iran since the beginning of the revolution, And some of them involve deprivations and restrictions of Iranians which are against the basic and essential principles of human rights; although they are inapplicable based on International human rights documents and treaties, and their implementation is a crime and acts contrary to human rights. Governments cannot violate fundamental human rights and arrangements to humanitarian law with excuses of avoiding violation of international law and international order.
2020
This article studies the unilateral regime of sanctions and their impact on two fundamental human rights: the right to food and the right to health. This article argues that international tribunals will set the level of obligation required to protect these human rights by observing the empirical correlation between economic sanctions and the deterioration of these rights in target states. By reviewing the elements that contribute to the strength of punitive economic measures, this article shows how sanctions have a greater impact on a population. This article concludes that the more powerful the economic sanctions, the higher the level of obligation of the imposing state will be to ensure that the sanctioned state's population's fundamental rights are protected. I. INTRODUCTION Economic sanctions 1 have become the most relevant instrument of foreign policy designed to respond to a wrongful act or policy of a state, 2 such as aggression, 3 support of terrorism, 4 involvement in internal wars, 5 and †
EU Economic & Financial Sanctions against Iran and their Human Rights Implications
Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies, 2020
Since the advent of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the country has been continuously subject to severe sanctions by the Western countries, especially the United States. In all these years, the U.S. sanctions did not affect Iran's economy much, due to the fact that the two countries have no formal relations and as a result, their economies are not, by any means, interdependent. However, Iran's economy has been reliant on extensive interactions with the European countries; the EU sanctions against Iran since 2011, therefore, have harshly affected Iran's economy and caused adverse social impacts on Iranian lives. In the shadow of Iran's dark image in the eyes of the world, one issue that has remained overshadowed by the discussions on the impact and effectiveness of the sanctions, is the severe human rights crises left by the EU sanctions. The key question is what have been the human rights and humanitarian consequences of the EU sanctions for Iran, and how serious have these consequences been for the country? As the author argues in this paper, EU economic sanctions against Iran are considered violations of the three main generations of human rights and are therefore unwarranted. Given this, the resumption of sanctions since 2018 would lead to a human rights disaster in Iran. The effect of these sanctions will not affect the Iranian government, but the Iranian civilians, especially the vulnerable, which will undermine their human dignity.
Economic Sanctions : Iran as a case study
Word count, which should be calculated electronically, must be stated accurately below. For details of what is included in the word count, and penalties incurred by exceeding the word count limit, please consult the coursework submission policy in the Faculty handbook. DECLARATION BY STUDENT This assignment is entirely my own work. Quotations from secondary literature are indicated by the use of inverted commas around ALL such quotations AND by reference in the text or notes to the author concerned. ALL primary and secondary literature used in this piece of work is indicated in the bibliography placed at the end, and dependence upon ANY source used is indicated at the appropriate point in the text. I confirm that no sources have been used other than those stated. I understand what is meant by plagiarism and have signed at enrolment the declaration concerning the avoidance of plagiarism.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014
H istory suggests that coercion has probably always been one of the most common modes of interaction between political entities, from ancient cities to the modern state. Over time, however, coercive practices used in the course of armed conflicts, such as sieges, naval blockades, and reprisals, have been subjected to certain important legal limitations and restrictions aimed at the protection of civilian populations. These rules, such as the prohibition of starvation of civilian populations and the obligation to permit the free passage of all consignments of essential foodstuffs and medical supplies, are now codified in the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols and as such are universally accepted (albeit sometimes disregarded in practice). Nonetheless, the legal regulation of non-forcible (that is, economic) coercion outside the context of armed conflict has long remained embryonic and is still underdeveloped, even though these measures in some cases may rise to the level of forcible coercion. In recent years there has been a return to de facto comprehensive economic sanctions, such as those currently applied by the United States against Syria, Iran, and Cuba, including extraterritorial enforcement on third parties. In such cases, source states may go beyond embargoes and create de facto blockades (which are acts of war). The increasing use of economic warfare in the context of the erosion of multilateralism more generally seems to have overturned previous achievements in regulating unilateral sanctions. Further, whereas until recently sanctions were typically imposed by powerful Western countries on smaller developing countries, sanctions *I am grateful to Pierre-Emmanuel Dupont of the Public International Law Advisory Group for his valuable advice in connection with this essay.
In international politics and Competition global power, to government control, and The aim of sanctions is Changing political regimes. But It can be more accurate, is changed Heterogeneous political culture against with The dominant International Culture. For example, Economic sanctions that be Applies by United States of America Against Iran and Different economic systems. Iran enjoys a different political culture and Iran's economic system Is not In the framework of the capitalist economy; As a Dominant culture on a global hawks. Currently this point there is that, The One component new and stable of human rights is respect for differences, interests and different political cultures. But what is clear is that the national interests of the great powers of capitalism, is incompatible with different political cultures. Hence the capitalism have a capabilities of growth in a own particular culture. Thus sanctions are primarily a tool to stop opposing political culture. But what exists in sanctions against Iran and the own specific political and cultural, specific Definition of Consume freedom and political life, that, On the one, have following Failure of the sanctions in some cases, On the other hand, has triggered specific definition of the resistance of the economy.
U.S.-Imposed Economic Sanctions on Iran in the COVID-19 Crisis From the Human Rights Perspective
International Journal of Health Services
One of the obvious impacts of comprehensive economic sanctions is on pharmaceuticals and supplies, which are essential elements of all functioning health systems. Observers report that comprehensive sanctions imposed on Iran are a barrier to Iran's coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) crisis and could impede Iran's access to coronavirus vaccines. In this minireview, we discuss COVID-19 and its human rights dimensions of U.S. sanctions on Iran. We believe fighting COVID-19 with limited resources during sanctions will produce a humanitarian crisis, and coronavirus is a convincing reason to lift the sanctions on Iran.
Background: Over the years, economic sanctions have contributed to violation of right to health in target countries. Iran has been under comprehensive unilateral economic sanctions by groups of countries (not United Nations [UN]) in recent years. They have been intensified from 2012 because of international community's uncertainty about peaceful purpose of Iran's nuclear program and inadequacy of trust-building actions of this country. This review aimed to identify the humanitarian effects of the sanctions on the right of Iranians to health and the obligations of Iran and international community about it. Methods: To assess economic sanction policies and identify violated rights and the obligations of states according to international human rights laws, in this study, Human Rights Impact Assessments (HRIA) tool is used. Applying this tool requires collection of evidences regarding the situation of rights. To provide such evidence, a systematic review of literature which involved 55 papers retrieved from the web-based databases and official webpages of Iran's government and UN' health and human rights committees and organizations was done. All articles about the consequences of economic sanctions related to nuclear activities of Iran on welfare and health of Iranians published from January 2012 till February 2017 in English and Persian languages were included. Search terms were economic sanctions, embargoes, Iran, welfare, health and medicine. Additional studies were identified by cross checking the reference lists of accessed articles. All selected papers were abstracted and entered into a matrix describing study design and findings, and categorized into a framework of themes reflecting the areas covered (health and its determinants). According to HRIA framework, related obligations of Iran and other states about adverse effects of the sanctions on Iranians' right to health were extracted. Results: The sanctions on Iran caused a fall of country's revenues, devaluation of national currency, and increase of inflation and unemployment. These all resulted in deterioration of people's overall welfare and lowering their ability to access the necessities of a standard life such as nutritious food, healthcare and medicine. Also, the sanctions on banking, financial system and shipment led to scarcity of quality lifesaving medicines. The impacts of sanctions were more immense on the lives of the poor, patients, women and children. Humanitarian exemptions did not protect Iranians from the adverse effects of sanctions. Conclusion: Countries which imposed economic sanctions against Iran have violated Iranians' right to health. International community should have predicted any probable humanitarian effects of sanctions and used any necessary means to prevent it. Furthermore, Iran should have used any essential means to protect people from the adverse effects of sanctions. Now, they should work on alleviation of the negative effects of sanctions. Even though, some of the effects such as disability and death cannot be compensated. In future, before imposition of sanctions, decisions makers should advice an international order to prevent such impacts on targeted countries' populations.
The Iranian Sanctions, a controversial policy
This paper argues that the multilateral sanctions imposed on Iran were not a good policy tool to adopt and has failed to thrive its intended objectives because it 1- has worsen the political view of Iranian leaders 2- lasted too long to be effective 3- did not target the right recipient.