Groundwater Assessment and its Implication for Irrigation in Selected Coastal Areas of South-Western Nigeria (original) (raw)
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2013
Groundwater samples from 103 dug wells in Akure area, south-western Nigeria were tested for their temperature, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH, and major dissolved ions in order to determine their irrigation quality potentials. Based on the analyses, parameters like permeability index, sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, Kelley’s ratio, magnesium adsorption ratio and chloro-alkaline index were calculated. The results were presented as spatial distribution maps for interpretations and further deductions. Results showed that relative concentration of cations and anions are in the order of Ca 2+ >Mg 2+ >K + >Na + and HCO3 -- >Cl - >SO4. 92.3 % of samples gave positive Chloro-Alkaline Index ratios, signifying direct ionexchange of Na/K in water with Mg/Ca in the host rock. Evaluation and comparison of calculated values of the parameter indices indicate generally good to permissible uses of the groundwater for ...
International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering, 2020
Resulting from insufficient supply of potable water and risk of possible contamination from anthropogenic sources, 14 samples were collected from wells at Ajakanga and environs in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria, in order to determine the shallow groundwater quality and desirability for drinking purposes. Physical parameters such as pH, EC, and TDS were measured at site using a combined EC, TDS and pH meter. Major ions analyzed included Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , NO 3-, Cl-, HCO 3 and SO 4 2-. The anions were measured using titrimetric method, and analyzed by Genesys 2.0 Spectrophotometer, while the cations were analyzed using the flame photometry method. The hydrochemical data were subjected to a series of statistical analysis and conventional graphical plots. Results showed that all the chemical parameters analyzed, excepting Clfall within the World Health Organization permissible limit for drinking water. The shallow groundwater is therefore fit for drinking purposes. Cations concentration in the water is in the order of Ca>Mg>Na>K, while for the major anion HCO 3 >Cl>SO 4 >NO 3. Scatter plots and Gibbs diagram showed that the cations were released into the water as a result of weathering of the underlying basement rocks. Trilinear Piper diagram indicated two water facies in the area, with CaHCO 3 water being dominant, while CaMgHCO 3 is subordinate. Application of Chloro Alkaline Indices and the Ca/HCO 3 ratio indicated that reverse ion exchange reaction is responsible for the dominance of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ in the waters.
Applied Water Science
Shallow groundwater is an essential resource for domestic, agricultural, and small-scale industrial uses in Lagelu in Oyo State, Southwestern Nigeria. A total of 20 representative groundwater samples were collected from different hand-dug wells and analyzed for the major cations, anions, and heavy metals to establish their suitability for drinking and irrigation. Geospatial variation maps of the major cations and anions were produced using the inverse distance weighted algorithm. The results of the respective concentrations of pH, TDS, EC, HCO3−, NO3−, SO42−, Cl−, PO42−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Zn2+, Cu+, Pb2+, and As+ except Fe2+ are within the recommended range set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Industrial Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). Based on the hydrogeochemical facies, the groundwater belongs to Na+–K+–Cl−–SO42−, and Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl−–SO42− water types. Gibb’s diagram shows that the interaction of rocks and water dominate the processes that contro...
A total of 20 groundwater samples from boreholes and hand dug wells within Onicha-Uburu and its environs were assessed to determine their suitability for irrigation purposes. Physical and hydrogeochemical parameters were evaluated, while techniques such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sodium percent, residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) were used to assess the suitability of these groundwater samples for the intended purpose. Results indicated that temperature ranges between 20 and 26°C for hand dug wells and 19 and 23°C for borehole samples. The electrical conductivity (EC) varies from 8.4 to 36.4 μs/cm for the hand dug wells and 10.0 to 76.4 μs/cm for the borehole water samples, while pH values range between 7.0 and 9.0 for the entire samples and indicate alkaline water. Statistical analysis shows appreciable concentrations of basic ions (average value of 28.8 mg/l for Na+, 9.1 mg/l for K+, 16.0 mg/l for Ca2+, 14.6 mg/l for Mg2+, Nil for C03 2-, as well as 45.0 mg/l for HC03 -, 20.5 for mg/l Cl- and 8.7 mg/l for S04 2-). While Na+ and Ca2+ are the predominant cations, HC03 - and Cl-1 are the anions that predominate. The chemical analysis revealed that the total hardness (measured in terms of CaCO3) varied from 16 to 140 mg/l for both sets of samples indicating soft to moderately hard water. Based on the values of EC, percent sodium, SAR (which vary from 0.3 to 1.7 meq/l), RSC (from 0.1 to 0.99 meq/l less than the standard value of 1.25 meq/l) and the magnesium hazard (MH) values which range between 0.99 and 89.8%, revealed that water samples from the study area are generally suitable for irrigation purposes except for few locations.
A hydrochemical evaluation of ionic abundance in groundwater systems within parts of the Central Benue Trough, Nigeria was carried out. This study aimed at identifying the hydro-geochemical processes that control the groundwater chemistry, ionic abundance and distribution in the study area. The analytical results show the abundance of the cations as Na + >Mg 2+ >K + >Ca 2+ , with Na + constituting more than 75% in most cases while for the anions the order is Cl
Heliyon, 2020
Hydrochemical investigation of groundwater was carried out on the coastal aquifers of Ogun Waterside, Southwestern Nigeria. Groundwater samples were collected and assayed for physicochemical parameters during wet season (August, 2016) and dry season (March, 2017). The analysed data were further subjected to correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), hydrochemical facies and descriptive statistics. Results revealed that the groundwater is slightly acidic with fresh to saline character. The CA showed very strong associations between TDS, EC and Cl concentrations in both wet and dry seasons. PCA confirmed the main factor influencing the groundwater chemistry in the study area to be component I (salinity component). Piper plots also revealed that the aquifer is mainly of Na À Cl water type. Schoeller and Stiff diagrams showed that the groundwater comprises relative abundance of major ions in the following order: Na þ > K þ > Mg 2þ > Ca 2þ for the cations and Cl À > HCO À 3 > SO 2À 4 for the anions. Thus, the primary process influencing the hydrochemistry of the study area is saltwater invasion while mineral dissolution and rainwater infiltration play less significant roles. Most parameters fall within the permissible limit proposed by the World Health Organization (2011) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (2007). However, higher concentrations of chloride and bicarbonate ions observed towards the southern flank of the study area suggest signs of impairment. Assessment of the sampled water for agricultural purposes with respect to salinity hazard, Total Hardness (TH), percentage sodium (%Na) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) revealed that the water is suitable for agricultural activities.
Water cycle, 2022
Groundwater is an important water source for agricultural irrigation in Penyang County. Some traditional methods such as irrigation coefficient, sodium adsorption ratio, total alkalinity, total salinity and total dissolved solids were employed to assess groundwater quality in this area. In addition, an improved technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution model was applied for comprehensive assessment. The origin of major ions and groundwater hydrogeochemical evolution was also discussed. Groundwater in Penyang County contains relative concentrations of dominant constituents in the following order: Na ? [ Ca 2? [ Mg 2? [ K ? for cations and HCO 3-[ SO 4 2-[ Cl-[ CO 3 2for anions. Groundwater quality is largely excellent and/or good, suggesting general suitability for agricultural use. Calcite and dolomite are found saturated in groundwater and thus tend to precipitate out, while halite, fluorite and gypsum are unsaturated and will dissolve into groundwater during flow. Groundwater in the study area is weathering-dominated, and mineral weathering (carbonate and silicate minerals) and ion exchange are the most important factors controlling groundwater chemistry.
Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2019
Hydrochemical facies, groundwater evolution, and physicochemical reactions between soil or rock and water are of considerable importance when evaluating or predicting the nature of anthropogenic impacts on groundwater quality. In this respect a total of 67 ground water samples were collected randomly in Akure, southwestern, Nigeria from hand pump/dug wells and analyzed for major cations and anions. The domination of cations and anions was in the order of Ca 2+ >
International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2016
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5-8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K + ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca 2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg 2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na + > K + > Ca 2+ > Mg 2+. In respect of the major anions, Clwas dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl-> HCO3-> SO4 2-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X10 8 to 1.78X10 9 in migmatite, 5.3x10 5 to 8.9x10 8 in granite and 2.55x10 7 to 8.2x10 8 in charnockite. Gibb's diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
Physicochemical properties of groundwater in parts of Irun Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 2021
Ten groundwater samples from hand dug wells were collected at Irun Akoko within the basement complex of part of southwestern Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the groundwater suitability for both drinking and irrigation purposes. The groundwater samples were analysed for some physical and chemical constituents including pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, Na, Ca, Mg, K, Cl, SO4, PO4 and NO3. The pH (7.0 – 7.9) and TDS (12.26 – 19.35 mg/l) of the groundwater indicate that the water is neutral to slightly alkaline and fresh respectively. The order of relative abundance for concentration of cations in the groundwater is K>Ca>Na>Mg, while that of anions is Cl>SO4>NO3>PO4. The concentrations of potassium in about 90% and chloride in about 40 % of the samples were above the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. Other hydro-geochemical parameters Ca, Mg, Na, SO4, PO4 and NO3 falls within the WHO standards. Values of Sodium Abso...