The Antioxidant Phytochemicals of Nutraceutical Importance (original) (raw)

Abstract

Over production of free radicals result in oxidative stress that deregulates the cellular and metabolic functions. Phytochemicals with antioxidant property are of great interest due to their beneficial effects on human health as they offer protection against metabolic dysfunction, gastro-duodenal pathogenesis, premature aging, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, cancer, neuro-degenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbates, lipoic acids, polyphenols and enzymes like super oxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase are strong natural antioxidants with free radical scavenging activity. Fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes and beverages are the main sources of polyphenols. Flavonoids possess ideal structural characteristics, which are responsible for their pharmacological properties and are also powerful metal chelators. The future of dietary antioxidants hold a great promise to ensure a better disease free lifestyle for the mankind by scavenging free radicals and consequently preventing mutagenic changes and associated disorders.

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (105)

  1. Arts I, Hollman P. Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 317S-25S.
  2. Choe E, Min DB. Chemistry and reactions of reactive oxygen spe- cies in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006; 46: 1-22.
  3. Marnett LJ. Oxyradicals and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21: 361-70.
  4. Bandyopadhyay U, Das D, Banerjee RK. Reactive oxygen species: Oxidative damage and pathogenesis. Curr Sci 1999; 77: 658-66.
  5. Willcox JK, Ash SL, Catignani GL. Antioxidants and prevention of chronic diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2004; 44: 275-95.
  6. Triantis T, Stelakis A, Demotikali D, Papadopoulos K. Investiga- tion on the antioxidant activity of fruit and vegetable aqueous ex- tracts on superoxide radical anion using chemiluminescence tech- niques. Anal Chim Acta 2005; 536: 101-5.
  7. Olinski R, Gackowski D, Foksinski M, Rozalski R, Roszkowski K, Jaruga P. Oxidative DNA damage: Assessment of the role in car- cinogenesis, atherosclerosis and acquired immunodeficiency syn- drome. Free Radic Bio Med 2002; 33: 192-200.
  8. Tiwari AK. Imbalance in antioxidant defense and human diseases: Multiple approach of natural antioxidants therapy. Curr Sci 2001; 81: 1179-87.
  9. Kris-etherton P, Hecker K, Bonanome A, Coval S, Binkoski A, Hilpert K. Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the preven- tion of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Am J Med 2002; 113: 71S-8S.
  10. Halliwell B, Whiteman M. Measuring reactive species and oxida- tive damage in vivo and in cell culture: How should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142: 231-55.
  11. Scalbert A, Manach C, Morand C, Remesy C. Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005; 45: 287-306.
  12. Scalbert A, Williamson G. Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J Nutr 2000; 130: 2073S-85S.
  13. Cie lik E, Greda A, Adamus W. Contents of polyphenols in fruits and vegetables. Food Chem 2006; 94: 135-42.
  14. Escarpa A, Gonzalez MC. An overview of analytical chemistry of phenolic compounds in foods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2001; 31: 57- 139.
  15. Kondratyuk TP, Pezzuto JM. Natural product polyphenols of rele- vance to Human Health. Pharm Biol 2004; 42: 46-63.
  16. Nichenametla SN, Taruscio TG, Barney DL, Exon JH. A review of the effects and mechanism of polyphenolics in cancer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006; 46: 161-83.
  17. Kaur C, George B, Deepa N, Singh B, Kapoor HC. Antioxidant status of fresh and processed tomato-A review. J Food Sci Technol 2004; 41: 479-86.
  18. Rietjens IMCM Boersma MG, Haan L de, et al. The pro-oxidant chemistry of the natural antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, caro- tenoids and flavonoids. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2002; 11: 321- 33.
  19. Larson RA (Eds). Naturally occurring antioxidants. Lewis Publish- ers, New York, 1997; pp. 83-186.
  20. Prakash D, Dhakarey R, Mishra A. Carotenoids: The phytochemi- cals of nutraceutical importance. Indian J Agric Biochem 2004; 17: 1-8.
  21. George B, Kaur C, Khurdiya, DS, Kapoor HC. Antioxidants in tomato (Lycopersium esculentum) as a function of genotype. Food Chem 2004; 84: 45-51.
  22. Stahl W. Bioactivity and protective effects of natural carotenoids. Biochim Biophy Acta 2005; 1740: 101-7.
  23. Ortu o A, Báidez A, Gómez P, et al. Citrus paradisi and Citrus sinensis flavonoids: Their influence in the defence mechanism against Penicillium digitatum. Food Chem 2006; 98: 351-8.
  24. Sun DC, Chen KS, Chen Y, Chen Q. Content and antioxidant ca- pacity of limonin and nomilin in different tissues of citrus fruit of four cultivars during fruit growth and maturation. Food Chem 2005; 93: 599-605.
  25. Snodderly DM. Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62: 1448S-61S.
  26. Block G, Patterson B, Subar A. Fruit, vegetable and cancer preven- tion: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr Cancer 1992; 18: 1-29.
  27. Gillman MW, Cupples LA, Gagnou D, et al. Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men. J Am Med Assoc 1995; 273: 1113-17.
  28. Williams JK, Anthony MS, Clarkson TB. Coronary heart disease in rhesus monkeys with diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991; 115: 784-90.
  29. Kohlmeier L, Hastings SB. Epidemiologic evidence of a role of carotenoids in cardiovascular disease prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62: 1370-6.
  30. Fawzi WW, Herrera MG, Willet WC, et al. Vitamin A supplemen- tation and dietary vitamin A in relation to the risk of xerophthalmia. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58: 385-91.
  31. Giovannucci E. Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene and cancer: Review of the epidemiologic literature. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 1767-76.
  32. Sies H (eds). Antioxidants in Disease Mechanisms and Therapy, Advances in Pharmacology Series, Academic Press, London, 1996; Vol. 38.
  33. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, et al. -Tocopherol and -carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the -tocopherol, -carotene cancer prevention study: Effects of base- line characteristics and study compliance. J Nat Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 1560-70.
  34. Cohen LA. A review of animal model studies of tomato caro- tenoids, lycopene, and cancer chemoprevention. Exp Biol Med 2002; 227: 864-8.
  35. Halliwell B. Antioxidants in human health and disease, Annu Rev Nutr 1996; 16: 33-50.
  36. Clinton SK. Lycopene: Chemistry, biology and implications for human health and disease. Nutr Rev 1998; 56: 35-51.
  37. Rao AV, Agarwal S. Role of lycopene as antioxidant carotenoid in the prevention of chronic diseases: A review. Nutr Res 1999; 19: 305-23.
  38. Kristal AR, Cohen JH. Invited commentary: Tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer. How strong is the evidence? Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151: 124-7.
  39. Giovannucci E. Intake of carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in 2 prospective US cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 990-7.
  40. Casso D, White E, Patterson RE, Agurs-Collin T, Kooperberg C, Haines PS. Correlates of serum lycopene in older women. Nutr Cancer 2000; 36: 163-9.
  41. Cohen LA, Zhao Z, Pittman B, Khachik F. Effect of dietary lyco- pene on N-methylnitrosourea-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Nutr Cancer 1999; 34: 153-9.
  42. Narisawa T, Fukaura Y, Terada K, et al. Prevention of N- methylnitrosourea-induced colon carcinogenesis in F-344 rats by lycopene and tomato juice rich in lycopene. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89: 1003-8.
  43. Wargovich MJ, Jimenez A, Mckee K, et al. Efficacy of potential chemopreventive agents on rat colon aberrant crypt formation and progression. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21: 1149-55.
  44. Astorg P, Gradelet S, Berges R, Suschetet M. Dietary lycopene decreases the initiation of liver preneoplastic by diethylnitrosamine in the rat. Nutr Cancer 1997; 29: 60-8.
  45. Nagasawa H, Mitamura T, Sakamoto S, Yamamoto K. Effects of lycopene on spontaneous mammary tumour development in SHN virgin mice. Anticancer Res 1995; 15: 1173-8.
  46. Sharoni Y, Giron E, Rise M, Levy J. Effects of lycopene-enriched tomato oleoresin on 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors. Cancer Detect Prev 1997; 21: 118-23.
  47. Cohen LA. A Review of animal model studies of tomato caro- tenoids, lycopene, and cancer chemoprevention. Exp Biol Med 1999; 227: 864-8.
  48. Howe GR, Hirohata T, Hislop TG, et al. Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: Combined analysis of 12 case-control studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 561-9.
  49. Kushi LHRM, Sellers TA, Zheng W, Folsom AR. Intake of vita- mins A, C and E and postmenopausal breast cancer. The Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144:165-74.
  50. Papas AM (eds). Antioxidants status, diet, nutrition and health. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, D. C. 1999; pp. 189-210.
  51. Kornsteiner M, Wagner KH, Elmadfa I. Tocopherols and total phenolics in 10 different nut types. Food Chem 2006; 98: 381-7.
  52. Park EJ, Pezzuto JM (eds). Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical Tech- nology. 2 nd ed., Marcel Decker, New York. 2002; pp. 97-113.
  53. Packer L, Weber SU (eds). The role of vitamin E in the emerging field of nutraceuticals. Marcel Dekker, New York. 2001; pp. 27-43.
  54. Bast A, Haenen GRMM. The toxicity of antioxidants and their metabolites. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2002; 11: 251-8.
  55. Kim DO, Lee CY. Comprehensive study on vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of various polyphenolics in scav- enging a free radical and its structural relationship. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2004; 44: 253-73.
  56. Lee SH, Oe T, Bliar IA. Vitamin C induced decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides to endogenous genotoxins. Science 2001; 292: 2083-6.
  57. Huang J, Agus, DB, Winfree CJ, et al. Dehydroascorbic acid, a blood brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, mediates po- tent cerebro protection in experimental stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 11720-4.
  58. Lutsenko EA, Carcamo JM, Golde DW. Vitamin C prevents DNA mutation induced by oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 16895-9.
  59. Frei B, Traber M, The new US dietary reference for vitamins C and E. Redox Rep 2001; 6: 5-9.
  60. Kumpulainen, JT, Salonen JT (Eds.). Natural antioxidants and food quality in atherosclerosis and cancer prevention, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1996.
  61. Izzo FN, Quartacci MF, Sgherri C. Lipoic acid: a unique antioxi- dant in the detoxification of activated oxygen species. Plant Physiol Biochem 2002; 40: 463-70.
  62. Hakkinen SH, Karenlampi SO, Mykkanen HM, Heinonen IM, Torronen AR. Ellagic acid content in berries: Influence of domestic processing and storage. Eur Food Res Technol 2000; 212: 75-80.
  63. Proestos C, Boziaris IS, Nychas GJE, Komaitis M. Analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids in Greek aromatic plants: Investiga- tion of their antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. Food Chem 2006; 95: 664-71.
  64. Ami D, Davidovi -ami D, Be lo D, Trinajsti N. Structure- radical scavenging activity relationships of flavonoids. Croat Chem Acta 2003; 76: 55-61.
  65. Hashim MS, Lincy S, Remya V, Teena M, Anila L. Effect of poly- phenolic compounds from Coriandrum sativum on H2O2 -induced oxidative stress in human lymphocytes. Food Chem 2005; 92: 653- 60.
  66. Dijsseelbloem N, Berghe WV, Naeyer AD, Haegeman G. Soy isoflavones phyto-pharmaceuticals in interleukin-6 affections multi- purpose nutraceuticals at the cross road of hormone replacement, anticancer and anti-inflammatory therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68: 1171-85.
  67. Gee JM, Johnson IT. Polyphenolic compounds: Interactions with the gut and implications for human health. Curr Med Chem 2001; 8: 1245-55.
  68. Cai Y, Luo Q, Sun M, Corke H. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sci 2004; 74: 2157-84.
  69. Ferguson RL, Philpott M, Karunasinghe N. Dietary cancer and prevention using antimutagens.Toxicology 2004; 198: 147-59.
  70. Andjelkovi M, Van Camp J, De Meulenaer B, et al. Iron-chelation properties of phenolic acids bearing catechol and galloyl groups. Food Chem 2006; 98: 23-31.
  71. Miller NJ, Larrea MBR. Flavonoids and other plant phenols in the diet: Their significance as antioxidants. J Nutr Environ Med 2002; 12: 39-51.
  72. Krishnan R, Maru GB. Isolation and analyses of polymeric poly- phenol fractions from black tea. Food Chem 2006; 94: 331-40.
  73. Santos AC, Uyemura SA, Lopes JL, Bazon JN, Mingatto FE, Cutti C. Effects of naturally occurring flavonoids on lipid peroxidation and membrane permeability transition in mitochondria. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 24: 1455-61.
  74. Marchand L. Cancer preventive effects of flavonoids. Biomed Pharmacother 2002; 56: 296-301.
  75. Johnson TM, Yu ZX, Ferrans VJ, Lowenstein T, Finkel T. Reactive oxygen species are downstream mediators of p53 dependent apot- posis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 11848-52.
  76. Rasmussen SE, Breinholt VNM. Non-nutritive bioactive food constituents of plants: Bioavailability of flavonoids. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2003; 73: 101-11.
  77. Valenzuela A, Lagos C, Schmidt K, Videla LA. Silymarin protec- tion against hepatic lipid peroxidation induced by acute ethanol in- toxication in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34: 2209-12.
  78. Kaul C, Kapoor HC. Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables -the melliniums health. Int J Food Sci Technol 2001; 36: 703-25.
  79. Katalinic V, Milos M, Kulisic T, Jukic M. Screening of 70 medici- nal plant extracts for antioxidant capacity and total phenols. Food Chem 2006; 94: 550-7.
  80. Prakash D, Singh BN, Upadhyay G. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of phenols from onion (Allium cepa). Food Chem 2007; 102: 1389-93.
  81. Prakash D, Upadhyay G, Singh BN, Singh HB. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of seeds and agri-waste of some varieties of soybean (Glycine max). Food Chem 2007; 104: 783-90.
  82. Leccese A, Bartolini S, Viti R. Total antioxidant capacity and phe- nolics content in fresh apricots. Acta Aliment 2008; 37: 65-76.
  83. Bu i V, Kova S, Ga o-Soka D, Lepedu H. Antioxidative activ- ity of anthocyanins from sour cherries. Acta Aliment 2008; 37: 391-7.
  84. Shi J, Nawaz JP, Mittal G, Kakuda Y, Jiang Y. Extraction of poly- phenolics from plant material for functional foods-engineering and technology. Food Rev Int 2005; 21: 136-66.
  85. Bunzel M, Ralph J, Steinhart H. Phenolic compounds as cross-links of plant derived polysaccaharides. Czech J Food Sci 2004; 22: 64- 6.
  86. Aruoma OI, Murcia A, Butler J, Halliwell B. Evaluation of the antioxidant actions of gallic acid and its derivatives. J Food Chem 1993; 41: 1880-5.
  87. Huang J, Paulis TD. Antioxidant effects of dihydrocaffeic acid in human EA. hy926 endothelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 156: 722-9.
  88. Adom K, Sorrells M, Liu R. Phytochemical profiles and antioxi- dant activity of wheat varieties. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51: 7825-34.
  89. Kim KH, Tsao R, Yang R, Cui SW. Phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant activities of wheat bran extracts and effect of hydroly- sis conditions. Food Chem 2006; 95: 466-73.
  90. Andrade Jr RG, Dalvi LT, Silva Jr JMC, Lopes GKB, Alonso A, Hermes-lima MH. The antioxidant effect of tannic acid on the in vi- tro copper-mediated formation of free radicals. Arch Biochem Bio- phys 2005; 437: 1-9.
  91. Turkmen N, Sari F, Velioglu YS. The effect of cooking methods on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of selected green vegeta- bles. Food Chem 2005; 93: 713-8.
  92. Anagnostopoulou MA, Kefalas P, Papageorgiou VP, Assimopou- lou AN, Boskou D. Radical scavenging activity of various extracts and fractions of sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis). Food Chem 2006; 94: 19-25.
  93. Nakagawa H, Takaishi Y, Tanaka N, Tscuchiya K, Shibata H, Higuti T. Chemical constituents from the peels of Citrus. Sudachi. J Nat Prod 2006; 69: 1177-9.
  94. Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean- style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 1440-46.
  95. Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Verma R, Laxmi B, Singh R. An Indian experiment with nutritional modulation in acute myocardial infarc- tion. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 879-85.
  96. Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Verma R, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of cardioprotective diet in patients with acute myocardial in- farction: results of one year follow up. Br Med J 1992; 304: 1015- 9.
  97. Singh RB, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, Kumar R, Rastogi V, Moshiri M. Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian Experiment of Infarct Survival-4. Cardiovasc Durgs Ther 1997; 11: 485-91.
  98. Singh RB, Pella D, DeMeester F. What to eat and chew in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1628-29.
  99. Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Singh R, Gupta S. Effects of fat-modified and fruits and vegetable enriched diets on blood lipids in the Indian diet heart study. Am J Cardiol 1992, 70: 869-74.
  100. Singh RB, Niaz MA, Agarwal P, Beegum R, Rastogi SS. Effect of antioxitant rich foods on plasma ascorbic acid, cardiac enzyme and lipid peroxide levels in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95: 775-80.
  101. Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Ghosh S, Singh R, Niaz MA. Effects of guava intake on serum total and high density lipoprotein choles- terol levels and on systemic blood pressure. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 1287-91.
  102. Singh RB, Sharma VK, Gupta RK. Nutritional modulators of lipoprotein metabolism in patients with risk factors for coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Nutr 1992; 11: 391-8.
  103. Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Ghosh S, Niaz MA, Singh NK: The diet and moderate exercise trial (DAMET): Results after 24 weeks. Acta Cardiol 1992; 47: 543-57.
  104. Maxwell SRJ. Can antioxidants prevent ischaemic heart disease? J Clin Pharm Ther 2008, 18: 85-95.
  105. Lonn EM, Yusuf S. Is there a role for antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases: an update on epidemiologi- cal and clinical trials data. Can J Cardiol 1997; 13: 957-65.