Assessment of risk factors for surgical site infection following caesarean section (original) (raw)
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Analysis of risk factors in surgical site infection following caesarean section
International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2016
Background: Objective of the study was to find SSI rate following Caesarean section and Analysis of risk factors. Methods: This prospective randomized study carried out on 1504 patients, their demographic information, risk factors and surgical indications were recorded. Postoperatively patients were monitored for signs of SSI. Results: Out of 1504 patients, 13% developed SSI, Hospital stay, wound class, ASA class, antibiotic prophylaxis and Type of caesarean showed significant association with SSI. Conclusions: Reason for incidence of SSI higher than developed countries being only tertiary care hospital dealing with high risk pregnancies, late referrals from peripheries, Prolonged hospital stay, heavy rush of attendants, faulty supervision where dose of antibiotics is actually missed, no proper segregation of cases.
International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies, 2021
Introduction: Caesarean section is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedure in hospitals. But it carries 5-20 fold increase risk of infection compared to vaginal delivery. Analysis of various baseline, intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors predisposing to surgical site infection is necessary to detect common links. obtained information is important to plan a strategy to reduce post caesarean wound infections and its complications. Material and Method: This is a prospective observational study enrolling 1500 sequentiall consenting subjects who had undergone caesarean section, on surgical site infection following caesarean section. Results: The cesarean section rate was found to be 41.2%.Subjects over 35 years of age had highest SSI rates of 16.7% and difference in SSI in subjects more than 35years was statistically significant (p value = 0.04) (88.6%) of the total enrolled subjects undergoing LSCS were antenatally registered amongst which 3.3% developed SSI compared to 1...
Post-caesarean section surgical site infection: Rate and risk factors
The New Zealand medical journal
Aim To identify the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) post-caesarean section, and important contributory risk factors. Method A retrospective analysis was conducted to identify cases with SSI, using as a population all the caesarean sections for the 6-month period from 16 March 2009-15 September 2009 performed at Waikato Hospital (n=526). Cases (n=25) were compared with randomly selected controls (n=50) to identify important risk factors. Results In total, 25 of the 526 patients (5%) had a SSI post-caesarean section. Of these, 15 were revealed during the initial admission (3%), and the other 10 required hospital care post-discharge for treatment of infection (2%). The key risk factors for surgical site infection post-caesarean section identified were elevated BMI, longer duration of labour, and having an emergency procedure. Conclusion This study has identified significant risk factors for surgical site infection post-caesarean section. Identification of these risk factors reminds obstetric staff that appropriate targeting of infection reducing strategies to women at high risk is needed. Caesarean section (CS) is one of the most common surgical procedures performed in hospitals. It is classified as a high-risk operation in the "clean" category. In New Zealand, as in other developed countries, the rate of CS has continued to rise, currently comprising over 25% of hospital births. 1 Surgical site infection (SSI) post-caesarean section increases maternal morbidity and costs and is thus an important problem. The benchmark SSI infection rate quoted in the RCOG green top guidelines is 6.4%; 2 however, rates of SSI post CS vary widely in different publications due to differences in the criteria used to diagnose infection and varying lengths of follow-up postoperatively. 3 Risk factors contributing to SSI post CS are thought to include BMI, longer operation duration, age, blood loss, method of wound closure, and emergency procedures. 3-6 Methods This nested case-control study was conducted as a retrospective analysis using as a population all the caesarean sections for the 6 month period from 16 March 2009-15 September 2009 conducted at a single site-Waikato Hospital. Each of the patients identified in the study as having had a caesarean section was accompanied by a list of ICD9 codes. Patients with possible surgical site infections post-caesarean section were identified by manually searching through the obstetric notes of patients who had the electronic diagnostic codes "infection of obstetric surgical wound", "wound infection following a procedure", and "disruption of a caesarean section wound". CDC (US Center for Disease Control) criteria were then used to confirm infections in these cases.
Incidence and risk factors for maternal surgical site infection after cesarean section
The Professional Medical Journal, 2021
Objective: To ascertain the frequency and risk factors for post-operative surgical site infection (SSI) in cesarean section. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Departments of Gynecology & Obstetrics and Anesthesiology, Secondary Care Hospital. Period: January to December 2017. Material & Methods: After the approval of hospital ethical committee, 337 parturient who underwent cesarean section were included in our study. Outcomes were: frequency and risk factors for post-cesarean wound infection. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 20. Qualitative data presented as frequency and percentage. Chi-square (Fishers test) used to analyze significance. P-value ≤ 0.05 taken as significant. Results: A total of 337 patients were included in our final analysis. The frequency of wound infection was 15 (4.4%). The mean age was 27.5 years ± 5.8 in our study population. There was no difference in age (p=0.781), parity (p=0.898), antenatal visits (p=0.319), referral from doctor (p=0.205), ane...
Caesarian section rate is increasing in both developed and developing countries. In Caesarian Section, surgical site infection is the most common postoperative complications with reported rates of 15%. Surgical site infection following Caesarian Section is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in women and it is increasing worldwide, in Saudi Arabia, 19.5% of the Surgical Site Infection is accounted to Caesarian Section. Many risk factors are associated with Surgical Site Infection following Caesarian Section such as type of Caesarian Section (elective or emergency), maternal age, gestational age, pregnancy complications and others. However, there is insufficient studies about the incidence of Surgical Site Infection following Caesarian Section and the associated risk factors in women who delivered by Caesarian Section. Therefore, the aim of literature review is reviewing the latest studies that investigate incidence of Surgical Site Infection following Caesarian Section and its related risk factors. Narrative review has been conducted using four search engines PubMed, CINAHL, EBSCO, and MEDLINE full text, English language from 2015 to 2020. 11 articles met the review criteria regarding the incidence of Surgical Site Infection and its associated risk factors representing 37,539 women from different countries developed and developing. This review of surgical site infections following cesarean section in different countries around the world found a surgical site-infection rate up to 38.4 % and majority of them associated to obesity, gestational age and undergoing emergency Caesarian Section.
Introduction: Infection is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in pregnant women during cesarean section. Hence this study was undertaken to study the incidence of SSI after cesarean section at first referral units and identify mi-cro-organisms as well as risk factors leading to it. Material and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted over 300 pregnant women undergoing emergency (group1) and elective cesarean section (group2) irrespective of the indication. Pregnant women with pre-existing skin infection at surgical site were excluded from study. Patient history, general physical and systemic examination, investigations and other details were taken into consideration. Antimicrobial prophylaxis included injection Ceftriaxone one gram I.V., 30 minutes before making skin incision. Preopera-tive skin preparation was done with chlorhexidene gluconate, five percent povidone iodine. Post operatively injectable antibiotics were given for three days followed by oral medication, check dressing done on fourth post operative day. Diagnosis of SSI was made on basis of signs and symptoms. The women who developed these were taken as case and who did not develop SSI after 30 days were treated as control. The qualitative variables were expressed in terms of frequency and percentages. Chi-square test / Fischer extract test were used. Results: The incidence of SSI in our study was 9%. Incidence of SSI was high in low socioeconomic class, unbooked status, irregular visits and with leaking per vaginum of more than 24 hours, duration of surgery more than one hour, prolonged labor , pre-operative antibiotic prophylaxis (before two hours of surgery). Most of the organisms were gram negative (56.53%) and were found sensitive to Aminoglycosides and resistant to Cephalosporins. Conclusion: SSI rates need to be lower down especially in lower socioeconomic class. Prophylactic antibiotics should be chosen principally on basis of efficacy against the usual exogenous and endogenous microorganisms known to cause infectious complication in each clinical setting, as well as their safety profile and cost.
https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR\_Vol.9\_Issue.6\_June2022/IJRR-Abstract02.html, 2022
Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) after C-section is one of the major concerns of health care providers because it not only increases the overall hospital cost, length of patients' hospital stay but it largely contributes to the mortality and associated morbidity. In this present study, we aimed to expose the associated risk factors of SSI. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MMC Kathua, w.e.f September 2019 to August 2020. A total of 394 women patients were included in the study on the basis of laid down inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study was under taken after approval by the institutional Ethical committee. Results: The incidence of surgical site infection was observed as (11.4%) and average age of studied patients was (31.6±9.38) with most of the patients, accounting for 86.5% were falling in the age interval of (25-35) years followed by 10.7% patients ageing less than 25 years We found that surgical site infection was significantly associated with type of surgery, type of incision and type of suturing. Conclusion: The present study revealed that surgical site infection is significantly associated with emergency surgery, vertical skin type incision and interrupted suturing. We recommend regular screening and implementation of health education programs to impart knowledge of associated risk factors of SSI that will eventually help the patients to attain optimal health benefits.
Surgical site wound infection rates and its risk factors following emergency caesarean sections
The professional medical journal/The Professional medical journal, 2024
Three hundred eleven women with term pregnancy undergoing emergency Caesarean section for maternal or foetal indications were included in this study. Wound inspection for signs of infection was done every day. Factors responsible of causing wound infection were noted from the discharge card. All the information was recorded on a preformed questionnaire. Results: 62(19.94%) of 311 women experienced surgical site wound infections in which prolonged duration of rupture of membranes was the commonest factors i.e. 51.6% (32/62), prolong duration of labor before operation 29%(18/62) and excessive volume of intra operative blood loss 29% (18/62). Conclusion: It is concluded there is a need to adopt specific preventative measures to decrease the frequency of identified factors so that the frequency of wound infection after the emergency caesarean section can be controlled with decreasing maternal morbidity and reduce hospital stays and thus, reducing the cost of treatment.
Surgical Site Infection Following Caesarean Section in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, 2020
BACKGROUND Surgical site infection (SSI) is an infection that occurs after surgery within 30 days in the part of the body where the surgery took place. Some of the common symptoms are: drainage of cloudy fluid from the surgical wound, pain or tenderness, localized swelling, redness, and raised body temperature. Lack of data on surgical site infection among women who underwent caesarean section (C/S) initiated us to determine the incidence of surgical site infection and evaluate various risk factor associated with it. METHODS This is a retrospective randomized case control conducted among patients undergoing LSCS (for various indications) from post-operative ward of GMCH between 1/7/2018 and 30/6/2019. Out of all surgical site infection cases, 370 cases were selected randomly. For every case of surgical site infection, another patient who did not develop surgical site infection under same circumstances was selected as control from the same ward and data was collected. RESULTS The incidence of SSI is 7.74% in Guwahati Medical College. Study shows high PROM, number of PV examination, prolong labour, increased surgical time, increase BMI are risk factors for wound complications. CONCLUSIONS PROM, high BMI, increased duration of surgery, prolonged labour are the independent risk factors for surgical site infection.
Incidence of surgical site infections after caesarean sections in a community hospital
Canadian Journal of Infection Control
Background: Rates of performed caesarean sections have increased globally [1]. Surgical site infections (SSIs) following a caesarean section pose a threat to the safety of the patient. This study intended to determine the current SSI rate after caesarean sections at one community hospital. The rate of incidence of these infections was compared to benchmark rates from various studies, including a report from the American National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). This comparative study provides objective evidence of performance in relation to SSIs. Method: The primary data collection method included a form completed by the obstetrician-gynecologists of the individual patients at the six-week post-partum follow-up visit. Demographic data was collected retrospectively through analysis of medical records. Patients who underwent a caesarean section in the seven-month data collection period (between November 2015 and May 2016) were asked to participate, and consent was obtained. Results: ...