Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Psychiatric Comorbidities (original) (raw)
Related papers
Saudi medical journal, 2001
Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a common child psychiatric disorder, the epidemiology and pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is variable in different studies. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disorders in children aided both by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnostic criteria and assessment scales entails a comprehensive neuropsychiatric interview plus collection of information from different sources. Although psychosocial and behavioral therapies are of great therapeutic values, the psychopharmacological drugs are often used in the treatment of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. With a combined approach, a substantial proportion of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (90%) show good recovery. The patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder need careful evaluation and appropriate long-term treatment in order to prevent subsequent negative consequences. In...
ADHD - New Directions in Diagnosis and Treatment, 2015
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD in children has been reported at 4-7%. Numerous population-and clinical-based studies have reported that more than half of cases of ADHD have at least one psychiatric comorbidity. The presence of psychiatric comorbidities complicates the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of ADHD; thus, diagnosis of comorbidities is of great importance. Possible comorbidities should therefore be investigated in cases diagnosed with ADHD before treatment planning.
2017
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD in children has been reported at 4-7%. Numerous populationand clinical-based studies have reported that more than half of cases of ADHD have at least one psychiatric comor‐ bidity. The presence of psychiatric comorbidities complicates the diagnosis, treat‐ ment, and prognosis of ADHD; thus, diagnosis of comorbidities is of great importance. Possible comorbidities should therefore be investigated in cases diagnosed with ADHD before treatment planning.
1999
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood and adolescence. The etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is not well understood. Neurochemical studies suggest, alterations in catecholaminergic, mainly dopaminergic and noradrenergic, transmitter functions markedly contribute to the symptoms of this disorder. The symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are significantly ameliorated by the agents that specifically influence these neurotransmitters. Animal studies implicate areas of the brain in which these neurotransmitters are most dominant. Psychostimulant medications are generally the first choice in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Approximately 70% of the children treated show improvement in the primary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and in comorbidity such as conduct disorder, although the benefits may not hold beyond two years. Despite the well-established efficacy and safety of stimulants for attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder, alternative medicines are still needed for several reasons. About 30% of children and adolescents with this disorder may not respond to stimulants or may be unable to tolerate potential adverse events such as decreased appetite, mood lability and sleep disturbances. Although stimulants do not increase the risk for later substance abuse in attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder, concerns have been raised about special prescription rules and a potential for abuse by persons other than the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subjects. This review focuses on etiology, assessment, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - co-morbidity and differential diagnosis
South African journal of psychiatry, 2004
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic and disabling condition in children. It is among the most prevalent, chronic health conditions affecting school-aged children. Children with ADHD may experience significant functional problems, such as school difficulties, academic underachievement, and troublesome interpersonal relationships with family and peers. 1,2 Parents and teachers may diagnose a child's school problems as being ADHD-related, when in fact the difficulties are unrelated to ADHD. 1 A myriad of disorders mimic ADHD (Table I). Studies of children with ADHD consistently document higher rates of co-morbidity with other psychiatric conditions, including disruptive behavioural disorders, depression and other mood disorders, anxiety disorders, tic disorders, etc. 3-7 The incidence of co-morbidity ranges from 50% to 90%. The existence of an additional disorder dramatically affects the prognosis, treatment and health care delivery decisions, 3 and correctly identifying ADHD is complicated by a high prevalence of co-morbid disorders or the presence of conditions that can be confused with ADHD. 7 ADHD is a developmental disorder, so symptom manifestation is highly individualistic and core symptoms may shift with age. Hyperactivity and impulsivity tend to become less apparent as the child gets older and inattention and cognitive problems move into the foreground. 8-10 Assessment of the child with behaviour suggestive of ADHD involves an evaluation process that could take considerable time. 4,7,11 The most commonly prescribed and studied medications in the treatment of ADHD are psychostimulants (methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine). 12,13 Data on the alternative management (dietary and other psychopharmacological agents) of ADHD and ADHD with co-morbidity have been scarce and controversial. 14,15
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: preventing overdiagnosis and overtreatment
Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade
The first part of this article focuses on the wide variations in the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that are observed between countries and between regions within the same country. Diagnosing ADHD is more problematic than is commonly thought. For instance, younger American children in the same grade at school are 64% more likely to receive the diagnosis; symptoms can result from many underlying causes. Furthermore, ADHD can be confused with many other health issues. As a result it is largely overdiagnosed and overtreated. The second part of the article reviews recent studies showing that anti-ADHD drugs lack long-term effectiveness and come with important adverse events. Overall, and in the long run, the pharmacologic treatment of ADHD is likely to cause more harm than good.
Psychiatric Comorbidities among Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders
Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research
Background and Purpose: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children. The purpose of this study is to explore the rate of psychiatric comorbidities among children with ADHD and investigating the impact of comorbidities on function of children. Subjects and Methods: Sixty-four children of both genders who fulfilled DSM-5 criteria for ADHD were included. All subjects were subjected to IQ assessment, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS), Conners Rating Scale, and Child Behavior Check List (CBCL). Results: Combined subtype was the commonest (50%) followed by hyperactive-impulsive (31.25%), then inattentive (18.75%). Psychiatric comorbid disorder among pediatric cases with ADHD was ODD (31.25%), followed by nocturnal enuresis (23.44%), conduct disorders (18.75%), motor tic disorders (15.63%), anxiety disorders (12.50%), depressive disorders (10.94%), substance abuse disorders (9.38%), autism spect...
Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 2022
The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the frequency of comorbid psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with nocturnal enuresis (NE). Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 183 children and adolescents aged 5-18 years with NE referred to psychiatric clinics at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected in 2015. A structured clinical diagnostic interview, the kiddie-schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia (K-SADS), was employed based on the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR) for the diagnosis of NE and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Results: In this study, 39 participants (21.3%) were female and 144 (78.7%) were male. The mean age of participants was 8.69 ± 2.34 years. The lifelong incidence of mental disorders among enuretic children and adolescents was 79.23%. The highest incidence belonged to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with 74.9%, oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD) with 53%, and tic disorders with 12% (motor tics together with a single case of vocal tic). The lowest incidence was for conduct disorder, bipolar affective disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with 5%. Based on the Fisher exact test, there was no significant difference between girls and boys in terms of psychiatric disorders incidence (P > .05). Conclusion: Comorbid psychiatric disorders with NE are common among children and adolescents. Therefore, in-depth examination of other psychiatric disorders needs to be carried out in enuretic children and adolescents, which will affect the treatment and prognosis of NE.
2007
Objective: This study was aimed to describe the frequency, gender ratio, clinical characteristics and co morbidities of ADHD in Pakistani population. Design: Descriptive study Place and duration of study: Department of Psychiatry of Aga Khan University Karachi from June 2002 to June 2004. Subjects and Methods: We reviewed the case records of 166 consecutive referrals at our child psychiatric clinics during the above mentioned time period . Results: Clinical notes of 166 patients presenting to child psychiatric clinic from July 2002 to July 2004 were reviewed. Sixty three (34%) children were diagnosed with ADHD. Gender ratio was 1 to 5 for females to males. Females presented more with in-attentive type of disorder as opposed to males who had more hyper-active, impulsive symptamatology. One third of the sample had co morbid psychiatric illnesses. Mental retardation and depression was more prevalent in our sample. Developmental abnormalities were also reported in one third of the cases...