Effects of organic forms of zinc on growth performance, tissue zinc distribution, and immune response of weanling pigs (original) (raw)

Effects of organic forms of zinc on growth performance, tissue zinc distribution, and immune response of weanling pigs1,2

Journal of Animal Science, 2003

This study was conducted to determine the effect of zinc level and source on growth performance, tissue Zn concentrations, intracellular distribution of Zn, and immune response in weanling pigs. Ninety-six 3-wk-old crossbred weanling pigs (BW = 6.45 ± 0.17 kg) were assigned to one of six dietary treatments (four pigs per pen, four replicates per treatment) based on weight and litter origin. Treatments consisted of the following: 1) a corn-soybean meal-whey diet (1.2% lysine) with a basal level of 80 ppm of supplemental Zn from ZnSO 4 (control; contained 104 ppm total Zn); 2) control + 80 ppm added Zn from ZnSO 4 ; 3) control + 80 ppm added Zn from Zn methionine (ZnMet); 4) control + 80 ppm added Zn from Zn lysine (ZnLys); 5) control + 40 ppm added Zn from ZnMet and 40 ppm added Zn from ZnLys (ZnML); and 6) control + 160 ppm added Zn from ZnSO 4. Zinc supplementation of the control diet had no effect on ADG or ADFI. Gain efficiency was less (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 80 ppm of Zn from ZnSO 4 than for control pigs and pigs fed 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO 4. Organ weights, Zn concentration, and intracellular distribution of Zn in the liver, pancreas, and spleen were not affected (P = 0.12) by Zn level or source. Skin thickness response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA)

Effect of zinc supplementation on serum biochemicals in grower pig

Zinc (Zn) has a wide spectrum of biological activities, and its deficiency has been related to various dysfunctions and alterations of normal cell metabolism. To compare the effect of a higher dose of Zn supplementation on serum biochemicals of grower pigs (four months of age) that may serve as general indicators of optimum physiological functions, an experiment was conducted with one treatment group supplemented with higher dose ofZn(500ppm)andanothermadedeficientbysupplementingcalciumcarbonate(CaCO 3)at1.5%ofdrymatter of diet, for a period of four months, and was compared to the control supplemented with 100 ppm Zn. Serum Zn decreased significantly in a deficient group (pB0.01), and the animals developed clinical symptoms of parakeratosis. Total serum protein and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration revealed a significantly (pB0.01) increasing trend in Zn-supplemented (500 ppm) animals from day 45 of treatment, whereas a significantly (pB0.01) decreasing trend was observed in deficient pigs. Serum albumin level was not affected by different supplemental level of Zn or induced Zn deficiency. An apparent increasing trend of glucose and cholesterol level was recorded in supplemented groups. However, itdecreased significantly (pB0.01)in deficient pigs. Thehigher serum concentration of Zn, total serum protein, glucose, cholesterol andHb, resulting from 500 ppm of Znsupplementationingrowerpigs,mighthelpinmaintainingabetterphysiologicalstatusthroughpromotionof well-organisedvitalfunctionsofproteins,ensuringasufficientenergysourcefordifferentphysiologicalprocesses, and just source for synthesis of steroid hormones and optimal functioning of membrane receptors.

Effect of zinc supplementation from different sources on growth, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolic profile, and immune response of male guinea pigs

Biological Trace Element Research, 2006

Forty weaned male guinea pigs of 208.20±6.62 g mean body weight were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals in a randomized block design. All of the guinea pigs were fed a basal diet [25% ground maize hay, 30% ground maize grain, 22% ground chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), 9.5% deoiled rice bran, 6% soybean meal, 6% fish meal, 1.45% mineral supplement (without Zn) and 0.05% ascorbic acid] and available green fodder. Group I served as the control (no Zn supplementation), whereas 20 ppm Zn was added in the diet in groups II, III, and IV either as zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), zinc amino acid complex (ZAAC), and ZnSO4+ ZAAC in equal parts, respectively. Experimental feeding lasted for 70 d, including a 3-d digestibility trial. Blood was collected through cardiac puncture from four animals in each group at d 0 and subsequently at the end of experimental feeding. After 40 d of experimental feeding, four animals from each group were injected with 0.4 mL of Brucella abortus cotton strain-19 vaccine to assess the humoral immune response of the animals. After 10 wk of study, four animals from each group were sacrificed to study the concentration of Zn, Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn in the liver, pancreas and spleen. Results revealed no significant difference in the feed intake, body weight gain, and digestibility of the nutrients, except for crude protein (CP) digestibility, which was significantly (p<0.05) lower in group IV. Although concentrations of serum glucose, Ca, and P and the albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio were similar in the different groups, the total protein, albumin, and serum alkaline phosphatase activity were higher in all of the Zn-supplemented groups on d 70. The serum Zn levels at the end of experimental feeding were significantly higher in groups II and III, whereas serum Mn levels were found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in groups III and IV. The organ weights (as percentage of body weights) did not show any differences among the treatment groups. Although the Mn concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the pancreas, the Cu concentration was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the spleen in all of the Zn-supplemented groups. The humoral immune response (antibody titer values) on d 14 of vaccination was significantly (p<0.05) higher in all of the Zn-supplemented groups. It was concluded that the 20-ppm level of Zn in the diet might be adequate for growth and nutrient utilization in guinea pigs, but supplementation of 20-ppm zinc significantly improved the immune response and impact was more prominent with the ZAAC (organic source) compared to ZnSO4 (inorganic source).

Effect of weaning and in-feed high doses of zinc oxide on zinc levels in different body compartments of piglets

Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2013

High doses of Zn are widely used for prevention and treatment of diarrhoea in weaning piglets; however, the mechanism of action of Zn against diarrhoea is still not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether weaning induces Zn deficiency in piglets. Eight litters of primiparous sows were selected for the experiment, and 3 piglets presenting similar weights were selected within each litter. Two of the three selected piglets from each litter were weaned at 21d of age and fed two different diets: a commercial control diet (WCt) and the same diet plus 2000 ppm of Zn as ZnO (WZn). The third selected pig from each litter was kept unweaned (Uw) with the sow and the rest of the litter. All 24 selected animals were killed at 28 d of age, and blood, gastrointestinal content, liver, pancreas and spleen were sampled for Zn, Fe and Cu analysis (mg/kg or L of sample). Data were analysed using ANOVA including treatment as a fixed factor. Weaned pigs fed WCt diet presented a lower Zn concentration in plasma than Uw animals (0.76 AE 0.091 vs. 1.10 AE 0.099 mg/L, p = 0.05). Zinc levels in liver, pancreas and spleen were not affected by weaning. Total concentration of Zn was higher in gastrointestinal contents of weaned animals fed WCt diet than in Uw pigs (p 0.001 for stomach, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon). Supplementation with high doses of ZnO increased levels of Zn in gastrointestinal content (p < 0.001), liver (p < 0.001) and pancreas (p < 0.001) compared to WCt diet. It also increased plasma Zn to non-deficient levels (1.32 AE 0.086), but the increase was not as marked as in other locations and final concentration was not different than that in Uw animals (p = 0.231). Weaning creates a Zn deficiency situation in weaned pigs as observed by plasma Zn concentrations. ZnO supplementation counteracts Zn deficiency.

Effect of zinc supplementation on certain serum biochemical parameters in growing pigs

International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research 2024; SP-8(8): 589-592, 2024

Twenty-four healthy and uniform crossbred (Hampshire × Assam Local) pigs, 4 months of age, were selected to study the effect of 500 ppm Zn supplementation on certain serum biochemical parameters for a period of four months. The animals were divided into three groups (n=8/group): group C (basal diet), group T1 (basal diet + 100 ppm Zn + calcium carbonate @ 1.5% DM) and group T2 (basal diet + 500 ppm Zn). Serum samples were collected at 15-day intervals and analysed for serum Zn, copper, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, and glucose cholesterol. The serum Zn concentration in the T1 group decreased significantly (p<0.01) from day 30 until day 120 of treatment, whereas in the T2 group, the level increased significantly (p<0.01) from day 15 onwards. The serum copper concentration did not change groups. The total protein concentration in the serum showed a significant (p<0.01) increasing trend in the T2 group from day 45 of treatment, and a significant (p<0.01) decreasing trend was observed in the T1 group compared to the C group. The serum globulin concentration decreased significantly (p< 0.05) in the T1 group compared with the C and T2 groups during the treatment period. An increasing trend in glucose and cholesterol levels was recorded at T2 during the treatment period. However, decrease, (p<0.01) in glucose and cholesterol levels was recorded in the T1 group from day 30 to day 120 of treatment. The haemoglobin concentration showed a significant (p<0.01) decreasing trend in the T1 group from day 45 onwards.

Effects of replacing pharmacological levels of dietary zinc oxide with lower dietary levels of various organic zinc sources for weanling pigs

Journal of animal science, 2005

Two 28-d randomized complete block design experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of concentrations and sources of Zn on growth performance of nursery pigs. Seven stations participated in Exp. 1, which evaluated the efficacy of replacing 2,500 ppm of Zn from ZnO with 125, 250, or 500 ppm of Zn from Zn methionine. A control diet with 125 ppm of supplemental Zn was included at all stations. A total of 615 pigs were used in 26 replicates. Average weaning age was 20.6 d and the average initial BW was 6.3 kg. There were no differences in any growth response among the three supplemental Zn methionine levels fed in Exp. 1. Zinc supplementation from Zn methionine improved ADG compared with the control during all phases (P < 0.05), due primarily to an increase in ADFI. Pigs fed 2,500 ppm of Zn from ZnO gained faster (P < 0.01) than those fed the control diet during all phases, and faster (P < 0.05) than those fed supplemental Zn from Zn methionine for the 28-d experiment....

Effect of zinc supplementation on growth, reproductive performance, immune and endocrine response in grower pigs

The effect of dietary supplementation of zinc (Zn) on growth and reproduction performances, thyroid hormones and globulin level was investigated in the present study. Gilts (24; average body weight 20.65±1.72 kg) were randomly assigned into 3 groups (8 animals / group) receiving a basal diet and were supplemented for 120 days with (i) 100 mg/ kg of Zn (CON); (ii) 100 mg/kg of Zn along with calcium carbonate (1.5% of dry matter of diet, to induce Zn deficiency) (DEF), or (iii) 500 mg/kg of Zn (FOR). Serum Zn level increased in FOR-fed animals, and decreased in DEF-fed compared to CON-fed. Further, DEF-fed animals developed clinical symptoms of parakeratosis. Serum Cu level was not found affected. FOR-feeding promoted tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels compared to CON-feeding. It also led to higher serum gamma globulin level. A reverse trend to FOR-feeding was observed in DEF-fed animals with respect to T3, T4 and γ globulin level. Better feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and higher average daily gain (ADG) was also observed with FOR-feeding. Early puberty was attained in FOR-fed animals as compared to DEF- and CON-fed. The present study suggested that dietary supplementation of Zn at 500 mg/kg level in grower pigs might help in attaining early puberty, better growth performances, improved thyroid functions and better general health.

Bioavailability of two sources of zinc in weanling pigs

Animal Research, 2002

Thirty-two pigs, weaned at 28 days of age with an average body weight of 9 kg, were used in an experiment devoted to the assessment of the bioavailability of an organic Zn source (ZnOrg) compared to Zn sulfate. Pigs were fed a basal diet containing 28 mg•kg-1 of Zn supplemented with ZnSO 4 or ZnOrg to provide 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg•kg-1 of supplemental Zn. In order to reduce the amount and the variability of their Zn stores, pigs were fed the basal diet for a 7-day adjustment period preceding a 19-day experimental period. Growth performance and bone bending moment were not affected by the level nor the source of zinc. On the contrary, plasma zinc concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity (P < 0.001), bone zinc concentration (P < 0.001), liver and empty body zinc concentrations (P < 0.01) as well as the amount of Zn retained estimated both by the balance technique (BT) (P < 0.001) and by the comparative slaughter technique (CST) (P < 0.01) increased linearly in response to supplemental Zn. However, the two Zn sources exhibited a similar bioavailability. Twenty-seven percent of Zn intake was retained when measured by means of the balance technique, regardless of the dietary level or zinc source. Zn retention was 54% lower when measured by means of the CST as compared to the BT. pig / zinc / bioavailability / source / indicator Résumé-Biodisponibilité de deux sources de zinc chez le porcelet en post-sevrage. Trente-deux porcs, sevrés à 28 jours et d'un poids moyen de 9 kg, ont été utilisés dans un essai de 19 jours ayant pour objectif la détermination de la biodisponibilité d'une source organique de zinc (ZnOrg) par rapport au sulfate de zinc. Les porcs ont été nourris avec un aliment de base contenant 28 mg•kg-1 de zinc additionné de 0, 10, 20 ou 30 mg•kg-1 de zinc sous forme ZnSO 4 ou ZnOrg. Avant la période expérimentale, les porcs ont été nourris avec l'aliment de base pendant une période d'ajustement de 7 jours afin de réduire le niveau et la variabilité de leurs réserves de zinc. Les performances 315

Comparison of organic and inorganic zinc sources to maximize growth and meet the zinc needs of the nursery pig

Journal of Animal Science, 2014

Zinc is the trace element involved in more biological functions than any other micromineral in the nutrition of the newly weaned pig. Its role in growth via protein synthesis and antioxidant defense makes it a key nutrient in the diet of the newly weaned nursery pig for maximum lean tissue growth and health. In this study, 500 pigs (5 pigs/pen) were weaned at approximately 18 d of age and fed 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg of Zn supplied as organic or inorganic Zn or 50 mg Zn/kg combination with 50% Zn from each source. Pigs were killed at 0, 10, and 35 d of the study to determine mineral tissue concentrations and antioxidant activity in the liver and the amount of metallothionein (MT) protein in the liver, duodenum, and jejunum. Growth performance did not differ for the pigs supplemented with Zn but were greater than those fed the basal diet with no added Zn (P ≤ 0.05). Hepatic Zn concentration was numerically maximized with 75 mg/kg of organic Zn, but 100 mg/kg of Zn of inorganic Zn was necessary to achieve a similar concentration. At d 10, Mn superoxide dismutase in pigs fed no supplemental Zn was lower than when pigs were fed organic Zn (P ≤ 0.05). Hepatic MT responded in a linear manner with organic Zn (P ≤ 0.01) and pigs fed the basal diet had less than those supplemented with Zn (P ≤ 0.01). Duodenal MT was greater at d 10 with organic Zn (P ≤ 0.01) than pigs fed the basal diet, and at d 35, there was a linear response to both organic and inorganic Zn (P ≤ 0.01). As expected, jejunal MT was reduced compared to this protein in the duodenum. The provision of Zn at 50 mg/kg from either source resulted in greater jejunal MT than when Zn was fed as a combination of both sources at the same concentration (P ≤ 0.05). Our data indicate that the needs of the nursery pig, that is, Zn requirements for health and wellbeing, have changed since the data used to establish the 2012 Nutrient Requirements of Swine (NRC, 2012) was published. Organic minerals are shown in this study to be managed biologically in a different manner than inorganic Zn (sulfate) in the young pig. The newly weaned pig, while changing nutritional sources and physical environments, has extremely high biological demand for antioxidant defense. Our data show that to maximize growth, health, and well-being, 75 mg/kg of organic Zn in a complex nursery diet benefits today's fast growing pigs with a very high lean tissue composition.

Growth performance, haematology and insulin profile of weanling pigs fed graded levels zinc oxide supplemented diet

Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2015

Landrace x Duroc crossbred intact male pigs (n=24) weighing between 11.05 to 11.35kg and aged 7.5 to 8.0 weeks were assigned to four treatments groups (A, B, C and D) by a complete randomized design. A common grower diet was supplemented with ZnO at 100 (A,control), 1000 (B), 1500 (C) and 2000mg/kg (D), and fed to the animals ad libitum for 10 weeks.Their feed intake, weight gainand feed: gain, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC), total white blood cell (TWBC),differential white blood cell (DWBC) and insulin profile were determined. There were no significant(P > 0.05) differences indailyfeed intake,feed: gain and in most haematological parameters investigated.Lymphocyte count was significantly (P < 0.05) higher amongthe groups fed high ZnO supplemented diet. A dose dependent increase in insulin profile was observed.Growth performancewas best at inclusion rate of 1000mg/kg of ZnO.