Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Risk Factor Analysis Among Urban Elderly in One Medical Center in Northern Taiwan (original) (raw)
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Metabolic syndrome among a middle-aged population in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam
BMC Endocrine Disorders, 2014
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of MetS, its components, and their associations among rural middle-aged population in Vietnam. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a representative sample (n = 2443) was conducted to collect data on demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, lifestyles, plasma glucose, and lipid profile. The age-and sex-adjusted prevalences of MetS and its components were calculated using the direct standardization. Associations of risk factors with MetS were evaluated using logistic regression, taken into account the confounding factors. Results: The total age-and sex-adjusted prevalence (95% CI) of MetS was 16.3% (14.0 − 18.6). The most frequent component of MetS was high triglycerides (43.2%), followed by low HDL-C (42.0%), elevated blood pressure (29.2%), high plasma glucose (14.3%), and central obesity (12.3%). Of the total population, only 17.6% did not have any component of MetS and more than 40% had at least two MetS components. The association of MetS with residence, age, body mass index, marital status, and siesta time per day was statistically significant in univariate analysis and replicated in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The MetS prevalence and its components are common and major public health burden in the middle-aged adults in Vietnam. Habitants living in urban, being never-married, having an increase in age, BMI, and siesta time per day are significantly associated with MetS, and they should be paid much more attention for screening and implementing preventive activities.
BMC Public Health, 2012
Background: The extent of attributable risks of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components on mortality remains unclear, especially with respect to age and gender. We aimed to assess the age-and gender-specific population attributable risks (PARs) for cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality and all-cause mortality for public health planning. Methods: A total of 2,092 men and 2,197 women 30 years of age and older, who were included in the 2002 Taiwan Survey of Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, and Hyperlipidemia (TwSHHH), were linked to national death certificates acquired through December 31, 2009. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios and PARs for mortality, with a median follow-up of 7.7 years. Results: The respective PAR percentages of MetS for all-cause and CVD-related mortality were 11.6 and 39.2 in men, respectively, and 18.6 and 44.4 in women, respectively. Central obesity had the highest PAR for CVD mortality in women (57.5%), whereas arterial hypertension had the highest PAR in men (57.5%). For all-cause mortality, younger men and post-menopausal women had higher PARs related to Mets and its components; for CVD mortality, post-menopausal women had higher overall PARs than their pre-menopausal counterparts.
Lipid ratio as a suitable tool to identify individuals with MetS risk: A case- control study
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 2016
This study aimed to compare the serum lipids ratio in staff with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS) who were working in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2015 on 499 personnel aged 30-60 years old. ATP III criteria were used to diagnose patients with MetS. The data were analyzed by using logistic regression and ROC curve. Results: Mean lipid ratio was higher in individuals having the MetS in both sexes compared with those without. In addition, the mean levels of lipid ratios significantly increased with increasing number of MetS components in both sexes. Also it could be concluded that TG/HDL-C ratio is the best marker for the diagnosis of MetS in men and women. Moreover, the cutoff point for the TG/HDL-C was 2.86 in women and 4.03 in men. It was found that for any unit of increases in the TG/HDL-C, the risk of developing the MetS will increase by 2.12 times.
Atherosclerosis, 2021
Background and aim: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become one of the most important clinical issues in the cardiovascular field for this decade because of the marked increase in cardiovascular (CV) risk associated with a clustering of risk factors. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the relationship between MetS and its components and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study was based on data from two studies carried out in Russia (ESSE-RF) and Italy (PLIC). One sample from each cohort was selected, matching individuals by sex and age. A comparison between samples of MetS components distribution and CV risk, according to SCORE chart, has been conducted. Results: A total of 609 individuals (mean [SD] age 55 [8] years, about 39% males) for each cohort were selected. Almost half of PLIC cohort participants belonged to the moderate CV risk group (47% vs 27%), while in ESSE-RF cohort a relatively higher prevalence of individuals classified in the high and very high risk group was observed (19% vs 11%, 21% vs 6%, respectively). Overall, 43% of ESSE-RF participants were diagnosed with MetS, compared with the 27% of PLIC members (the difference in prevalence becomes 37% vs 21%, considering a more conservative cutoff for waist circumference). Both cohorts showed a trend towards the increase of MetS components moving from the lowest to the highest CV risk class, with a high prevalence of patients with four or five MetS determinants allocated in the high/very high CV risk group. Conclusions: Developing effective public health strategies for the prevention, detection and treatment of MetS should be an urgent priority to reduce the burden of CVD, not only in subjects at high/very high CV risk, but also in those characterized by a lower risk, as even rare CV events that come from low risk group bring a tangible burden to healthcare systems.
Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 2012
Objective. Limited data are available on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in elderly people (aged 70 years and over) at population level in Northern Europe. A study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of MetS and its components in an aging population by using different defi nitions. Design, setting, and subjects . A cross-sectional study of 539 inhabitants from Northern Finland (mean age 71.9 years) was conducted to investigate the prevalence of MetS, by using the defi nitions of MetS by the National Cholesterol Education Panel (NCEP), the modifi ed NCEP (NCEPm), and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Main outcome measures . Prevalence of MetS by the NCEP, NCEP modifi ed, and IDF criteria. Results. Overall, the prevalence of MetS was 24.7%, 35.2%, and 37.2% in men, by NCEP, modifi ed NCEP, and IDF-defi nitions, respectively. In women the corresponding fi gures were 20.9%, 33.1%, and 47.8%. Hypertension was the most common component in both men (91.8%) and women (89.0%) by the IDF criteria. Glucose abnormalities were particularly prevalent in men (53.2% by NCEP and 78.4% by IDF criteria). Conclusions. The most common component was hypertension in both genders. Lower waist-circumference cut-off points of the IDF criteria led to a higher prevalence of MetS particularly in women. Prevalence of MetS varied signifi cantly when measured by different defi nitions. Nearly half of older women met the IDF defi nition of MetS, which was more than twofold when compared with NCEP. Clinical practitioners should be aware of the limitations when using set criteria of MetS, in contrast to identifying the individual cardiovascular risk factors and the accumulation of these.
Determinant components of newly onset versus improved metabolic syndrome in a population of Iran
Scientific Reports, 2020
This study aimed to determine the risk factors related to regression and progression of metabolic syndrome, in a 4-year cohort study. A total of 540 individuals (≥ 18 years old) participated in both phase of the study. Participants were categorized into 3 categories of regressed, progressed and unchanged metabolic syndrome (MetS). Demographic, anthropometric and biochemical parameters were assessed for each individual in both phase. Variables differences (delta: Δ) between the two phase of study were calculated. Unchanged group was considered as baseline category. Based on IDF, MetS had been regressed and progressed in 42 participants (7.7%) and 112 (20.7%) participants respectively, in the second phase. More than 47% of people, whose MetS regressed, experienced also NAFLD regression. Results of multiple variable analysis revealed that increased age, positive Δ-TG, and Δ-FBS, significantly increased the odds of MetS progression based on IDF and ATP III definitions, while negative Δ-HDL and Δ-neutrophil to lymph ration increased the odds of progression. On the other hand, negative Δ-TG and positive Δ-HDL significantly increased the odds of Mets regression based of both IDF and ATP III. Management of hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and HDL is a critical, non-invasive and accessible approach to change the trend of MetS. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) as a non-communicable disease (NCD) had become epidemic in many countries of the world 1. MetS is highly prevalent with multidimensional characteristics and a collection of abnormalities such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and high blood glucose 2. Over the past 20 years, population of people with MetS, has significantly increased, which is directly associated to the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes. This is in addition to elevated threat of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders that arise from the MetS 3 and influences more than 25% of the world population 4. The description by the Adult Treatment Panel III-2005 (ATP III) seems to be the most internationally accepted description. In 2009, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute standardized their criteria for defining MetS 5. The prevalence of MetS varies, based on the criteria used to define it. For instance, a study in Iran revealed the frequency of MetS to be 34.7% based on ATP III criteria, 37.4% based on IDF description, and 41.6% according to ATP III/AHA/NHLBI criteria 1. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, according to ATP III criteria, MetS prevalence amongst people of Iran who were 20 years old or older was 23.8% and for under 20 years old was 10.9% 5. MetS risk factors were investigated in different studies. Central obesity was significantly associated with MetS mechanisms 6 , independent of insulin resistance 7. Apart from the accessible intervention approaches, alterations such as suitable diet, regular exercise, anti-obesity medication and bariatric operation, and failure to manage MetS prevalence and its associated complications depend on the disease nature and patients not following the foregoing strategies 8. Individuals with MetS are at higher risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD). Coronary heart disease (CHD) were assessed by Framingham algorithms over a decade, and it was shown that many CHD incidences in MetS patients were prevented by controlling lipids and/or blood pressure 9. This study is among scarce studies that assessed factors affect the progression and regression of the MetS have not been reported in any longitudinal study. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the risks related to regression and progression of MetS in a 4-year cohort study.
Endocrine, 2021
Purpose We aimed to determine the incidence and prediction nomogram for new-onset metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a middle-aged Vietnamese population. Methods A population-based prospective study was conducted in 1150 participants aged 40-64 years without MetS at baseline and followed-up for 5 years. Data on lifestyle factors, socioeconomic status, family diabetes history, and anthropometric measures were collected. MetS incidence was estimated in general population and subgroup of age, gender, and MetS components. A Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% con dence intervals (CI) for MetS. A prediction nomogram was developed and checked for discrimination and calibration. Results During median follow-up of 5.14 years, the accumulate MetS incidence rate was 23.4% (95% CI: 22.2-24.7). The annual incidence rate (95%CI) was 52.9 (46.7-60.1) per 1000 person-years in general population and higher in women [56.6 (48.7-65.9)] than men [46.5 (36.9-59.3)]. The HRs (95% CI) for developing MetS were gender [females vs males: 2.04 (1.26-3.29)], advanced age [1.02 (1.01-1.04) per one year], waist circumference [1.08 (1.06-1.10) per one cm] and other obesity-related traits, and systolic blood pressure [1.02 (1.01-1.03) per one mmHg]. The prediction nomogram for MetS had a good discrimination (C-statistics = 0.742) and t calibration (mean absolute error = 0.009) with a positive net bene t in the predicted probability thresholds between 0.13 and 0.70. Conclusions The study is the rst to indicate an alarmingly high incidence of MetS in a middle-aged population in Vietnam. The nomogram with simply applicable variables would be useful to qualify individual risk of developing MetS.