Book Review: On Writing the History of TechnologyReview of Networks of Power, by HughesThomas P.Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983 (original) (raw)

1984, Science, Technology, & Human Values

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This paper reviews Thomas P. Hughes' book "Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society," which addresses the historical literature on electrification and its cultural implications. It critiques Hughes' approach of viewing electrification as a sociotechnical system while advocating for a study of the broader cultural choices enabled by electrification. The review suggests future research directions focusing on the interactions between technical systems and cultural influences, emphasizing the importance of including diverse societal perspectives in studying technological advancements.

Innovation , Interconnection , and Institutions : Evolving Electric Power Systems in the Early 20 th Century

2017

This paper examines the evolution of electric power systems from their earliest days in the 1880s through World War I and the barriers to achieving interconnected distribution systems. In the very earliest days of electricity, there were no gains to interconnection. Beginning in the 1910s, interconnection of independent distribution systems would have offered lower cost and higher reliability. Coordination costs and the transactions costs acted as barriers to achieving this. World War I generated electricity demand far outstripping supply in some locations, such as Niagara Falls and the Pittsburgh region. The problems associated with excess demand led the military to intervene. Military engineers worked with electricity companies to rationalize generation, interconnect transmission networks, and plan new investment so that war-related production could be maximized. Military intervention temporarily lowered the coordination costs and transaction costs associated with state public uti...

“Keep Your Dirty Lights On:” Electrification and the Ideological Origins of Energy Exceptionalism in American Society

Electricity has been defined by American society as a modern and clean form of energy since it came into practical use at the end of the nineteenth century, yet no comprehensive study exists which examines the roots of these definitions. This dissertation considers the social meanings of electricity as an energy technology that became adopted between the midnineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries. Arguing that both technical and cultural factors played a role, this study shows how electricity became an abstracted form of energy in the minds of Americans. As technological advancements allowed for an increasing physical distance between power generation and power consumption, the commodity of electricity became consciously detached from the steam and coal that produced it. This factor, along with cultural factors led the public to define electricity as mysterious, utopian, and an alternative to proximal fire-based energy sources. With its adoption occurring simultaneously with Progressivism and consumerism, electricity use was encouraged and seen as a integral part of improvement and modernity which led Americans to culturally construct electricity as unlimited and environmentally inconsequential.

David Gugerli: Sociocultural Aspects of Technological Change. The Rise of the Swiss Electricity Supply Economy. In: Science in Context 8 (3) 1995, p. 459 – 486.

Science in Context, 1995

The impressive growth of the Swiss electricity supply industry in the late nineteenth century has usually been explained by Switzerland 's abundant waterpower resources, its well-equipped financial markets, and the mechanical skills of its Swiss workers and engineers. This article does not aim to deny the importance of these factors. Rather it seeks to explain how they developed synergetic effects and how they were knit together. The argument is put forward in three steps: First, I show the importance of the new technology's discursive integration, arguing that the development of a specialized electric discourse led to a social shaping of technology that was highly compatible with generalized cultural patterns of late nineteenth-century Swiss society. The expressive dispositions and instituted means of expression that constitute the electric discourse were constantly pursuing and achieving effective resonances in other discursive fields. This allowed for a solid integration of the electrotechnical discourse in late nineteenth-century Swiss society.

Adoption and adaption of Technology in American Culture: How Electrification of the Home, Transformed 'Everyday' 20th Century America

How humans historically preceived the technology they have and how this perception influenced the direction of both the technology and history has been little studied by historians. In the mid-19th through the early 20th century, the American house became a "system." Utility companies looking for customers to pay for infrastructure brought both electricity and gas out the industrial areas of towns and onto transportation lines for use of streetcars and public lighting. The next logical step was to bring it to the home, changing American cultural life. This paper presents how this use of energy and particularly how electrification was received and perceived by the American homeowner and homemaker, turning the American house into a complex industrial dwelling where an individual could spend leisure time as well as a place to live.

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