Investigation of the Phenology of Pistachio (Pistacia Vera L.) on Different Soil Types Using MODIS NDVI Data (original) (raw)
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Khorasan Province has over 35,000 ha of pistachio orchards. Pistachio cultivation has increased considerably in the last two decades and pistachio growers have introduced many new genotypes to this region. This research was carried out in order to investigate the changes in vegetative characters of twelve pistachio cultivars (‘Badami-sefid’, ‘Pesteh-gharmez’, ‘Pesteh-garmeh’, ‘Barg-seyah’, ‘Daneshmandy’, ‘Momtaz’, ‘Kale-ghochi’, ‘Akbari’, ‘Owhadi’, ‘Shahpasand’, ‘Abas-Ali’ and ‘Khanjari’) in the Faizabad area, Khorasan Province, Iran over three years (2003-2005) following grafting onto ‘Badami-sefid’ rootstock. The first five cultivars are native to Khorasan Province while the others are native to Kerman and Semnan Provinces. Significant differences (P<0.01) were found in several vegetative characters: yearly shoot length, shoot diameter, tree width, graft length, the number of lateral shoots, leaf size and false growth. Shoot elongation was greatest in ‘Owhadi’ and ‘Kale-ghochi’, 54 cm and 51 cm, respectively, and least (34 cm) in ‘Akbari’. Most lateral shoots formed in ‘Abas-ali’ and ‘Akbari’ and fewest in ‘Shahpasand’. Leaf area, which was about 135 cm2 and 67 cm2 for ‘Akbari’ and ‘Momtaz’ respectively, was significantly different among all cultivars. After three years, total tree length of ‘Owhadi’, ‘Badami-sefid’ and ‘Kale-ghochi’ was 107, 104 and 103 cm, respectively, while ‘Daneshmandy’ showed the least growth (80 cm). When water salinity in the experimental orchard was more than 6 dsm-1 and soil alkalinity was high, leaves started to die back in drought/salt-sensitive cultivars. Three cultivars, ‘Owhadi’, ‘Abas-ali’ and ‘Akbari’ showed the most marginal leaf necrosis, while ‘Barg-seyah’ had a unique die back pattern in the false growth section. This growth data may prove valuable for Iranian pistachio growers wishing to establish new orchards, but who are unsure of the appropriate choice of cultivar.
Scientific Papers. Series B, Horticulture., 2018
Extreme conditions in the climate play an important role on the plant growth and yield of crops. Meteorological drought is one of these extreme climate conditions. In this study, 16 days photosynthetic activity of pistachios was investigated by integrating both field research and modern techniques (remote sensing and statistical methods). Furthermore, the effects of climatic factors on the yield of pistachio were analysed. Along with the present study, the relationships between pistachio and dry and wet climatic conditions were presented. According to the results of the drought analysis of both Birecik (a district in the southeastern parts of Turkey) and Gaziantep (a province in the southeastern parts of Turkey) stations, pistachio is significantly affected by extreme climatic conditions. The photosynthetic activity of pistachio increased during the periods of wet climatic conditions.
Adaptation of Some Pistachio Cultivars to Irrigated Conditions for Southeast Region of Turkey
Acta horticulturae, 2011
This study was carried out at the Tektek Station of GAP Soil and Water Resources and Agricultural Research Institute in Sanliurfa during 1994-2008 years to determine suitable pistachio cultivars for irrigated conditions. Pistacia khinjuk was used as rootstock and 14 pistachio cultivars and types were compared. They were 'Uzun' and 'Siirt' as domestic; and 'Kerman', 'Ohadi', 'Vahidi', 'Mumtaz' and 'Haciserifi' as foreign; and 'Sel 1 named as Tekin', 'Sel 2', 'Sel 5', 'Sel 10', 'Sel 11 named as Barak Yildizi', 'Sel 14' and 'Sel 15' types (selected by Pistachio Research Institute in Gaziantep). Orchards were irrigated by drip irrigation system. Yield and quality characteristics of the cultivars and types were determined for last 5 years (2004-2008 years). Phenological observations were also carried out in 2008. The higheer yields were obtained from 'Mumtaz', 'Tekin' and 'Sel 5', while the lower values were from 'Barak Yildizi', 'Kerman' and 'Sel 15'. Pomological characteristics were observed to determine the nut quality. The best results were obtained from 'Mumtaz' and 'Vahidi' for 100 dry fruits weight; from 'Siirt', 'Tekin', 'Sel 2' and 'Sel 5' for split nuts; and from 'Ohadi', 'Siirt' and 'Tekin' for kernel ratio. Regarding result of the Weighted-Rankit test; 'Tekin', 'Mumtaz' and 'Sel 5' have been determined as suitable pistachio cultivars for irrigated conditions for Southeast of Turkey.
Forests of wild pistachio (Pistachio mutica F & M) are widely distributed throughout most parts of Zagros mountain ranges of Iran. Covering an area of 2.4 million ha, the forests have experienced a high degree of human disturbance over a long period of time. These plants have edible fruits with extractable juice usable in pharmaceuticals, gums, paints, pesticides, pastes, perfumes and mineral oil industries. The Ghalajeh heights of Kermanshah province, an extension of Zagros ranges are one of the famous and main habitats of these species. The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of soil properties, elevation levels, slope gradients and positions on habitat distribution of wild pistachio in Ghalajeh heights. A defined forest area was divided into the 100 m elevation intervals and a quadrate (50 x 50 m) method was used at each interval. Plant distribution was significantly correlated with soil P and clay content, soil depth, and slope position, however, slope gradient, soil organic carbon (C) and pH had minor influence on plant distribution. The wild pistachio plants were the dominant species at elevation levels of 1500 to 2200 m and there were no pistachio trees at above 2220 m and below 1380 m elevation. Slope aspect had a prominent effect on plant growth and their distribution. There was higher plant density in the north-facing slopes than others. Canonical correlation analysis showed that increased soil P and decreased silt contents strongly increased canopy closure, hrowever, soil P content had not very significant effect on plant density. Elevation level increased plant density, but the rate of increase on annual shoot growth was less than plant density. Increase in annual shoot growth was primarily due to soil depth.
Horticulturae
Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivation under rainfed conditions of the South Mediterranean has not been studied in depth. Under changing climate conditions, knowledge of cultivar and rootstock performances allows for the optimal use of genetic resources to improve yield and nut quality. This study aimed to evaluate growth, yield, and fruit characteristics of ‘Mateur’ and ‘Achouri’ pistachio cultivars grafted on P. vera and P. atlantica rootstocks grown in northeastern Tunisia. The research was based on three years worth of monitoring of growth, yield and fruit quality. Results showed that annual bio-climatic features had significant effects on all studied parameters. The ‘Mateur’ cultivar showed higher vigor and fruit yield than ‘Achouri’. Fruit production was higher in P. atlantica rootstock for ‘Mateur’ but similar in both studied rootstocks for ‘Achouri’. Kernel fat contents (40.7–46.8%) and fatty acid profiles were low or not affected by cultivar, rootstock and their combinati...
2015
The effect of two irrigation intervals (I : 7 days and I : 14 days), four nitrogen doses (N , N , N , N and 1 2 g 0 1 2 N ) and two crop coefficient (K :0.60 and K :0.90) on the pistachio nut fertigation was studied. The 3 pc pc nitrogen levels were 0, 10, 15 and 20 ppm based on irrigation water concentration. In traditional treatment, each tree was given a 500/600/400 g of NPK fertilizer at the beginning of February. Other fertilizer doses were applied in the irrigation water through drip system. Irrigation water amount was calculated based on the pan-evapotranspiration. Wetted percentage in each irrigation was 30%. During the growing seasons extended from 29.05.2001 to 04.09.2001 at the first year and from 04.06.2002 to 10.09.2002 at the second year, experimental treatments were irrigated 15 or 8 times based on the irrigation intervals. Irrigation depth applied ranged from 324 to 906 mm in 2001 and 282 to 724 mm in 2002. In year of 2001, evapotranspiration varied from 518 to 345mm...
Journal of New Sciences, 2016
Pomological attributes and geometric properties of four pistachio cultivars (Mateur, Elguetar, Kerman, Ohadi) grown in the orchard of the Regional Center of Agriculture Research Sidi Bouzid Tunisia, were studied. This work aims to select suitable cultivars for these environmental conditions and determine important physical properties useful for the design of various separating, handling, storing and drying equipment. Agronomical traits such as production, trunk cross sectional area, yield efficiency, number of grapes/tree, number of fruits/grapes, number of fruits /100g, kernels weight, kernel dry weight /nut and dry weight ratio were evaluated. Physical properties of pistachio kernel such as length, width, thickness, arithmetic diameter, geometric diameter, sphericity and surface area, were determined. Our results showed higher yield for Mateur cultivar than the others cultivars. Ohadi showed higher fruit dimensions, arithmetic diameter, geometric diameter and sphericity, on the ot...
Theoretical and Applied Climatology
Land evaluation based on its characteristics is a criterion for the proper use of land potential. The high benefit and low water requirement of pistachio has significantly increased its cultivation area in Iran. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of lands for pistachio cultivation based on climatic variables in four provinces, which located in northwestern part of Iran. The climatic requirements of pistachio were specified based on its phenological information. Then, the suitability map of pistachio cultivation zones, spatially modeled in GIS environment based on long term of meteorological data. Subsequently, the results were verified due to field survey and interviews with farmers. The results showed study area classified into three categories from suitable (class S1), moderate suitable (S2), and non-suitable (class N) based on FAO land capability guidelines. So, accuracy of suitability map was validated by overlaying of spatial information of existing pistachio orchards. The results indicated that 33, 33.4, 60, and 12.4% of the East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, and Ardabil provinces are suitable for pistachio cultivation (class S1), respectively, while the area of unsuitable class (class N) in these provinces was 40, 34.7, 22.7, and 62%, respectively. It was found that the temperature and relative humidity during pollination and growth periods are the main limiting factors for construction of pistachio orchards. The obtained maps can be used as a guide to prevent the planting of pistachios in unsuitable areas and consequently save water consumption in drought conditions.
The first step in protecting and preservating forest ecosystems is identification of genetic reservoirs. Wild pistachio (Pistachio mutica F & M) forests are widely distributed throughout most parts of Zagros Mountain Ranges of Iran. These plants have edible fruits with extractable juice usable in pharmaceuticals, gums, paints, pesticides, pastes, perfumes and mineral oil industries. The habitats of this species in Salas babajani region, approximately with total area of 24000 ha can be observed in four open forest types including Quercus spp – pistacia spp, pistacia spp- Acer monpessulanum, pistacia spp – Amygdalus spp and pistacia spp. In this research, regarding the distribution area, elevation, slope and aspect characteristics of wild pistachio, different maps were provided using GIS, then were overlaid the map of distribution area of wild pistachio with maps of elevation, slope and aspect. The results obtained from statistic analysis, showed that 93.26% of habitats of wild pistac...