Some Epidemiological Aspects of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a New Focus, Central Iran (original) (raw)
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Epidemiological Study on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Area, of Qom Province, Central Iran
2017
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important health problems in many areas of Iran. There are two forms of the disease in Iran, anthroponotic and zoonotic CL. This study conducted to assess the epidemiological situation of CL in an endemic area of Qom Province, central Iran from Apr to Nov 2015. Methods: The sticky paper traps and aspirating tubes were used for collecting adult sand flies. Sherman traps and small insect nets were used to capture rodents and small mammals. Giemsa staining was used for preparing the expanded smear and followed by PCR for identifying the causative agent in human, vectors, and reservoirs. In this study, relative frequency of CL was also calculated. Results: Fourteen species of Phlebotomine sand flies were collected. Phlebotomus papatasi (61.74%) was the predominant species through the period of activity. Overall, 62 Meriones libycus, 8 Nesokia indica, 4 Mus musculus, 16 Al-lactaga elater and 2 Hemiechinus auritis were caught. PC...
Epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southwest of Iran
International Journal of One Health, 2019
Background and Aim: Zoonotic rodents (Rodentia: Muridae: Gerbillinae) and Phlebotominae sand flies are the major reservoir hosts and vectors of Leishmania major causing zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively. This study was carried out to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Tangestan County, Southwest Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on human cases, probable reservoirs, and vectors of CL at Tangestan County in 2017. The data of patients were taken on health centers and analyzed. To determination faunistic of sand flies, they were collected using sticky paper traps and identified using identification keys. The rodent samples were captured using Sherman live traps and determined for amastigote infection. Results: A total of 436 cases occurred during 2005-2017 and the incidence rate of disease was 0.2-12/100,000 people. Six species of sand flies including three species of Phlebotomus and three species of Sergentomyia including Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus sergenti, Phlebotomus alexandri, Sergentomyia tiberiadis, Sergentomyia baghdadis, and Sergentomyia clydei were identified. From 185 trapped rodents, 9 species were identified. We founded, 2 out of 132 Tatera indica (1.53%) were positive with Leishmania spp. using the microscopic method. Conclusion: According to the existence of human leishmaniasis cases as a host, T. indica with high abundance and infected to Leishmania as a reservoir, and existence of P. papatasi with high abundance as a suspected vector of disease; there is a potential for transmission of disease in the area. Design of exact control and prevention strategies is highly recommended.
2020
Background: Esfahan Province is considered as one of the main focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran. Recently, ZCL distribution is expanding through this province leading to report of new cases in non-endemic areas. In the current study epidemiological aspects of ZCL has been investigated in Naein County in Esfahan Province. Methods: Adult sand flies were collected from beginning to the end of their seasonal activity. Rodents were caught by Sherman live traps once a month for one year. To active case detection, a hundred households in each selected village were visited in November and December 2016. Nested-PCR was employed to detect Leishmania parasite in the vector, reservoir and human. Results: Totally 1562 sand flies including Phlebotomus sergenti, Phlebotomus papatasi, Sergentomyia sintoni and Sergentomyia mervinae were collected and identified. No Leishmania infection was detected in the collected sand flies. All of the 30 collected rodents were identified as ...
Epidemiological study in a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de santé de la Méditerranée orientale = al-Majallah al-ṣiḥḥīyah li-sharq al-mutawassiṭ, 2003
An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sabzevar county prompted this study of the epidemiology and the ecology of vectors and reservoirs. Examination of 541 schoolchildren showed rates of 9.4% for scars and 5.9% for ulcers. Among 807 inhabitants of 4 villages, 10.4% had scars and 3.0% had active lesions. The most highly infected age group was 0-4 years with a rate of 5.9%. A total of 12 849 sandflies representing 7 species were collected in the study area. Leptomonad infection was found in Phlebotomus papatasi, P. caucasicus and Sergentomyia sintoni. Parasites from man, P. papatasi and Rhombomys opimus, were isolated and characterized as Leishmania major. Based on this survey, this is an epidemic of zoonotic CL, with R. opimus the main reservoir host, and P. papatasi the main vector.
An Eco-Epidemiological Study on Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Iran
Iranian Journal of Public Health
Background: Leishmaniasis is an expanding neglected tropical disease in the world reporting from 98 countries including Iran. This study focused on eco-epidemiological determinants of the disease following a rapid and unexpected increase of leishmaniasis incidence in a strategic residential district in North-East of Isfahan County, Iran. Methods: This study was accomplished from Apr 2012 to Jan 2014 in a strategic residential zone in North-East of Isfahan County, Esfahan, Iran. Monthly activity, parity, Leishmania infection and susceptibility tests, were determined on sand flies. Some portion of inhabitants and school children were surveyed to find active or passive cases of leishmaniasis and also wild rodents were collected to determine reservoir host. Results: Totally 5223 sand flies belonging to Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia genus were collected and identified; Ph. papatasi was the dominant species and started to appear in May and disappeared in Oct. The majority of living dissect...
Acta Tropica, 2001
An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sabzevar county prompted this study of the epidemiology and the ecology of vectors and reservoirs. Examination of 541 schoolchildren showed rates of 9.4% for scars and 5.9% for ulcers. Among 807 inhabitants of 4 villages, 10.4% had scars and 3.0% had active lesions. The most highly infected age group was 0-4 years with a rate of 5.9%. A total of 12 849 sandflies representing 7 species were collected in the study area. Leptomonad infection was found in Phlebotomus papatasi, P. caucasicus and Sergentomyia sintoni. Parasites from man, P. papatasi and Rhombomys opimus, were isolated and characterized as Leishmania major. Based on this survey, this is an epidemic of zoonotic CL, with R. opimus the main reservoir host, and P. papatasi the main vector. Etude épidémiologique dans un nouveau foyer de leishmaniose cutanée en République islamique d'Iran RESUME Une flambée de leishmaniose cutanée dans le comté de Sebzevar a incité à réaliser cette étude sur l'épidémiologie et l'écologie des vecteurs et des réservoirs. L'examen de 541 écoliers a révélé des taux de 9,4 % pour les cicatrices et 5,9 % pour les ulcères. Parmi les 807 habitants de 4 villages, 10,4 % avaient des cicatrices et 3,0 % avaient des lésions actives. Le groupe d'âge le plus infecté était celui de 0 à 4 ans avec un taux de 5,9 %. Au total, 12 849 phlébotomes représentant 7 espèces ont été prélevés dans la zone d'étude. On a trouvé que Phlebotomus papatasi, P. caucasicus et Sergentomyia sintoni étaient infectés par un leptomonas. Les parasites de l'homme, P. papatasi et Rhombomys opimus, ont été isolés et caractérisés comme Leishmania major. D'après cette étude, il s'agit d'une épidémie de leishmaniose cutanée zoonosique, avec R. opimus comme principal hôte réservoir, et P. papatasi comme principal vecteur.
2003
An outbreak of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major was identified in Ghanavat rural district, Qom province, central Iran, during 1999-2001. Among 1069 inhabitants examined in Dec. 1999, 5.14% showed evidence of active lesions and 12.44% had scar indicative of past infection. The most highly infected age group was 5-9 years old for ulcers with a rate of 6.56%. The incidence of the disease was calculated as 2.7% and 1.4% in 2000 and 2001 respectively. Meriones libycus (66.7%), Nesokia indica (27.3%) and Hemechinus aurithis (6%) were present around the district. No leishmanial infection was seen in the slides. Meriones libycus is the probable reservoir host of the disease in the area. Sixteen dogs appeared to be uninfected because examination showed no active lesion or scar. Most probably Phlebotomus papatasi is the vector because 81.53% of indoor sand flies were of this species. The active season of P.papatasi was from late April to early October in indoors. The occurrence of this outbreak of ZCL in the district seems to be the result of construction of buildings near colonies of rodents and also traveling to other infected foci of Iran.
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 2013
Background: Leishmaniais which is one of the six most important tropical diseases in the world are in Iran in 3 forms. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in Iran, however, Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) is endemic in Khuzestan province. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the species of Leishmania in vector and reservoir hosts of cutaneous leishmaniasis based on molecular methods in Roffaye District, Khuzestan, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study sand flies were collected from indoors and outdoors using sticky traps and rodents using Sherman live traps. They were both subjected to the nested PCR method to detect Leishmania parasite. Results: Phlebotomus papatasi was the most common species of sandflies in outdoor and indoor resting places and Tatera indica (Indian gerbil) was the most common species among rodents. PCR technique showed that only 2 out of the 27 P. papatasi (7.4%) and1 of the Tatera indica out of 12 rodents (8.3%) were positive for parasite due Leishmania major. The trapped Alactaga sp. were not infected by L. major. Conclusions: This is the first molecular report on parasite infection of both vector (P. papatas) and reservoir (T. indica) to L. major from this area. Therefore, the population of both sandflies and rodents should be reduced using control methods. Implication for health policy/ practice/ research/ medical education Molecular detection of Leishmania species in the vector and reservoir at same time is important in determining both the control method and treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.
Life cycle of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Larestan, southern Iran
2006
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) with diverse clinical manifestations is prevalent and remains a major public health problem in Iran, while its incidence has been doubled over the last decade. This study was performed for the first time in Larestan, Fars province, located in southern part of Iran to determine infectious patterns in the reservoir hosts and sand fly vectors using parasitological and molecular methods. Materials and methods: Thirty two rodents and 156 sand flies were evaluated for the patterns of Leishmania infection. PCR was performed to characterize the parasites using the culture of parasite in Evans medium. Results: Tatera indica, Gerbillus spp. and Meriones crassus were the trapped animals and Phlebotomus papatasi was the trapped fly. L. major was isolated and identified as the causative agent of CL from T. indica, Gerbillus spp and two female Ph. papatasi (Alamarvdasht). Among the trapped rodents, four T. incida were positive for L. major in Larestan region including Alamarvdasht town (2 males), and Lamerd town (2 females). L. major was also isolated from two female Gerbillus spp in Lamerd and Lar towns in Larestan region. No infection was detected in M. crassus in the area. Conclusion: This is the first report detecting L. major in naturally infected T. indica, Gerbillus spp and Phlebotomus papatasi in Larestan region.
The epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Isfahan province of Iran
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1968
Cutaneous leishmaniasis has long been known to be endemic in the northern and eastern parts of Isfahan, in the central part of Iran, and the clinical manifestations encountered in both the city and viUages were quite similar to the dry (urban) type. During October 1955 an outbreak of a cutaneous disease occurred among the soldiers in an army camp near the city of Isfahan, where more than 30 cases were observed, in some of which L.D. bodies were found by histological examination of the lesions (DABIRI, 1955, personal communication). In November of the same year 40 villages of the area were surveyed by SOTOODEH (1956), and after careful study of the prevalence and clinical character, he suggested that the disease was of the moist (rural) type. The leishmaniasis research unit of the Institute of Public Health Research started the present study in Isfahan in May 1963. After some preliminary and extensive surveys in the area, and in view of its general distributional pattern, the idea that the disease has the epidemiological characteristics of the rural (moist) type gained momentum. Further, we thought that rodents might have a role in this disease, and therefore, during 1964-65 a careful study was carried out on various animals of the area. The results of this study are given in the present paper.