Disilane addition versus silane-hydrogen flow rate effect on the PECVD of silicon thin films (original) (raw)
Related papers
Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) Wonder Tree: Nutritional and Therapeutic Values
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020
Chironji (Buchanania lanzan Spreng.) is a member of the family Anacardiaceae and it is originated in the Indian sub-continent, is an excellent multipurpose tree species. Traditional indigenous knowledge reveals the immense value of almost all parts of the plant i.e. roots, leaves, fruits, seeds and gum for various medicinal uses. Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) is an important non-wood tree species found in deciduous forests throughout the greater part of India. It is a multipurpose tree and very important plant for rural and tribal economy. It is used as a fuel, fodder, alternative host for Kusmi lac insect, and also used in cosmetic items and soaps. Seeds/ kernel are nutritional, palatable and used as a substitute of almonds in confectionery. It is widely used by Indian tribes for treating various diseases. Three major chemical constituents of potent medicinal value, namely celidoniol, vomicine, epinitol have been characterized from an organic extract of leaves. Such extracts mainly ...
Herbs and herbal constituents active against snake bite
Indian journal of …, 2010
Snake bite, a major socio-medical problem of south east asian countries is still depending on the usage of antisera as the one and only source of treatment, which has its own limitations. In India, mostly in rural areas, health centres are inadequate and the snake bite victims mostly depend on traditional healers and herbal antidotes, as an alternative treatment. The present review has been focussed on the varied folk and traditional herbs and their antisnake venom compounds, which might be a stepping stone in establishing the future therapy against snake bite treatment and management.
EVALUATION OF ANTIVENOM POTENTIAL OF ACHYRANTHES ASPERA LEAVES AGAINST SNAKE VENOM
The antivenom potential of aqueous (AE) and ethanolic extract (EE) of the leaves of Achyranthes aspera plant was evaluated using in vitro assays. Soxhlet extraction of the dried, powdered leaves of Achyranthes aspera was carried out. The neutrali-zation of lethal toxicity induced by D. russelli venom was assessed using mice. Leaf extract effectively neutralized the russeli's viper venom induced lethality (LD50) of 11 µg with effective dose (ED50) of 0.3mg for AE and 1.5mg for EE. Phospholipase A2 present in snake venom was neutralized at a dose of 0.05mg and 0.06mg of AE and EE leaf extract respectively. Further procoagu-lant activity was carried out using Echis carinatus venom. The extracts also effectively neutralized the venom induced hemolysis in the concentration range of 50-100µg. HPTLC analysis done for the extracts showed Rf values indicating same constituents in both extracts. The results obtained demonstrate that leaf extract of Achyranthes aspera possess snake venom neutralizing capacity and can be used as an adjuvant for antivenom therapy.
Perspective on the Therapeutics of Anti-Snake Venom
Molecules
Snakebite envenomation is a life-threatening disease that was recently re-included as a neglected tropical disease (NTD), affecting millions of people in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Improvement in the therapeutic approaches to envenomation is required to palliate the morbidity and mortality effects of this NTD. The specific therapeutic treatment for this NTD uses snake antivenom immunoglobulins. Unfortunately, access to these vital drugs is limited, principally due to their cost. Different ethnic groups in the affected regions have achieved notable success in treatment for centuries using natural sources, especially plants, to mitigate the effects of snake envenomation. The ethnopharmacological approach is essential to identify the potential metabolites or derivatives needed to treat this important NTD. Here, the authors describe specific therapeutic snakebite envenomation treatments and conduct a review on different strategies to identify the potential agents that ...
Implications of phytochemicals in snakebite management: present status and future prospective
In spite of vast advances in healthcare services, treatment of snakebite still remains a challenge to medical fraternity, because of unresolved complications of severe local tissue damage and consequential physical disabilities. Though anti-venom therapy reduces mortality, is ineffective against local tissue damage. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that several alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, saponins, sterols, glycosides, etc., from herbal medicines effectively neutralized local tissue damage induced by venom toxins/enzymes. This review emphasizes the interplay of venom toxins/enzymes in local toxicity and their neutralization using phytochemicals. Further, approaches using phytochemicals and anti-venoms are reviewed for better management of snakebite.
European Journal of Medicinal Plants
Snake venom enzymes are the key substances involved in snake venom toxicity. Thus, inactivating these enzymes is generally considered to be the fundamental step in the management of snakebite. Conventionally, snakebite envenomation is treated parenterally with serum-based antivenins, and adjuvants to these antivenins are required for maximum protection of victims. Hence, this research was aimed at evaluating the inhibitory effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extracts on Naja nigricollis Reinhardt venom enzymes and screens for their antivenom adjuvant effects. A. indica leaf was collected, authenticated and extracted using 95% methanol followed by fractionation using hexane and ethyl acetate. The venom enzymes inhibition assays was evaluated using in vitro methods, while, adjuvant effect was screened using Albino rats. The results revealed that both the hexane and the ethyl acetate fractions showed capability of inhibiting the venom enzymes significantly (P<0.05) when compared with ...
In-Vitro Assays for Neutralization of Snake Venom Using Herbal Drugs: A Review
Sipra Sarkar., et al.: In-Vitro Assays for Neutralization of Snake Venom. Snakebite is a major health hazard that leads to high mortality rate especially in India. The present review article focuses on the point of view of different in –vitro neutralization assays that serve as an index for assessing the status of therapy. For this purpose bibliographic and scientific literature articles in indexed journal databases were comprehensively researched and contemporary articles were studied from different abstracting and indexing systems like PubMed using relevant keywords. It was found that some of the in-vitro assays like Phospholipase A2, Hemorrhagic activity assay, agglutination assay for potency assessment, general proteolytic activity assay, snake venom metalloprotease activity (SVMP), hemolytic activity, neutralization of serum inhibitory activity assay, neutralization of fibrinolytic activity, inhibition of venom cardiotoxic activity assay and brine shrimp lethality test are prevalent in use. Performing these in –vitro tests is essential for the development of therapy against envenomation. Antisnake venom serum (ASVS) for snake bite therapeutics is available but suffers from many drawbacks; herbal plants provide a solid platform for the natural treatment of this serious issue. Herbal medications have excellent potential to treat snake bite. Herbal medicinal plants are an important element of indigenous medical systems globally. Many of the active plant constituents are promising contenders for the development of antivenom drug molecules. So our objective is to find different alternative in-vitro processes for anti venom activity. The rationale behind choosing the in-vitro assays is to enable to generate basic data and understand the probable basic mechanism of snake venom and herbal antisnake venom without sacrificing or using invasive procedures on the experimental animal.
Toxicology Reports, 2014
The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the anti-ophidian properties of ethnomedicinal herb Leucas aspera against Indian cobra, Naja naja venom enzymes. Methods: Methanolic extract of Leucas aspera was evaluated, in vitro, for its ability to inhibit the major enzyme activities of Naja naja venom including protease, phospholipase A 2 , hyaluronidase and hemolytic factors. The type of phytochemicals present in the extract was analyzed. Also, the major phytoconstituents in the extract was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Venom protease and hyaluronidase activities (two isoforms) were completely (100%) neutralized by the L. aspera methanolic extract at ratio of 1:50 w/w (venom: plant extract) and venom hemolytic activity was also completely neutralized at a ratio of 1:80 w/w by the plant extract. However, the extract failed to neutralize phospholipase A 2 activity even at the highest concentration used. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, acidic compounds, flavonoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides in the extract. GC-MS analysis indicated that a total of 14 compounds were present in the extract. The major bioactive constituents were found to be 6-octadecenoic acid (32.47%), nhexadecanoic acid (25.97%), and 17-octadecen-14-yn-1-ol (14.22%) along with the minor constituents, sitosterol (2.45%) and stigmasterol (2%), which was previously reported to exhibit antivenom activity. Conclusion: The results obtained demonstrate for the first time that the methanolic extract of Leucas aspera possesses anti-venom activity and could be considered as a potential source for the anti-ophidian metabolites.