Payments for Ecosystem Services—the Case of Forests (original) (raw)

2016, Current Forestry Reports

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) is a trending topic in environmental resource management. The literature on PES has been growing almost exponentially, and practical applications of PES schemes are mushrooming all around the world. In this review article, I present the existing definitions of PES, the factors to consider during the design and implementation stages of PES programs, as well as discuss the recent theoretical debates related to PES in the literature-specifically those related to commodification and legitimacy of PES, its behavioral implications as well as the issues of power and equity. Despite a wealth of accumulated knowledge in the theoretical and experimental fields related to PES, there is still a considerable lack of empirical studies assessing the practical implementation of PES in the field. Only a few schemes are actually systematically assessed, and there is still a lack of a unified comprehensive framework for the thorough evaluation of existing practical experiences. I outline some of the future research challenges that need to be tackled in order to gain a better understanding of the opportunities that the PES mechanism offers to environmental policy makers and other interested stakeholders. Keywords Payments for environmental services. Environmental governance. Economic incentives 1 The acronym PES is used in the literature to refer both to payments for "ecosystem services"-that is, emphasizing the enhancement of "nature" services, and for "environmental services"-that is, including amenities provided by the "built" or "actively managed" environment [136]. While there are compelling arguments to prefer one term over the other [25••, 41••], in this paper, I use these two terms interchangeably.

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