Increase of peroxidase activity in tropical maize after recurrent selection to storage pest resistance (original) (raw)
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Soluble Peroxidase Activity in Maize Endosperm Associated with Maize Weevil Resistance
Crop Science, 2007
Plant peroxidases (PODs) are involved in resistance to pathogens and insects. This study investigated the role of POD in maize (Zea mays L.) resistance to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.). Insect bioassays were performed under controlled conditions to assess maize weevil resistance. Peroxidase activity was measured in the major grain tissues using guaiacol and peroxide. Signifi cant variation (P > 0.001) among genotypes was observed in both the insect bioassay traits and POD activity. Peroxidase was detected in the embryo, endosperm, and pedicel, but it was not detected in the pericarp. Signifi cant correlations were found between endosperm POD activity and maize weevil resistance (r = 0.89, P < 0.001). Histological staining confi rmed POD activity in the vascular cylinder of the embryo, while activity in the endosperm was restricted to the aleurone layer. This study shows that POD activity is correlated with maize weevil resistance and may be used as a potential biochemical marker.
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2015
Plant peroxidases (PODs) are involved in diverse physiological processes, including defense against pathogens and insects. Contrary to their biological importance, only very few plant PODs have been proven on protein level, because their low abundance makes them difficult to detect in standard proteomics work-flows. A statistically significant positive correlation between POD activity and post-harvest insect resistance has been found for maize (Zea mays, p84C3) kernels. In combining activitydirected protein purification, genomic and proteomic tools we found that protein B6T173 (ZmPrx35) is responsible for the majority of the POD activity of the kernel. We successfully produced recombinant ZmPrx35 protein in Escherichia coli and demonstrate both, in vitro activity and the presence of a haem (heme) cofactor of the enzyme. Our findings support the screening for insect resistant maize variants and the construction of genetically optimized maize plants.
Biochemical Genetic Studies of Maize Peroxidases (Zea May L.)
1981
Genetic and biochemical properties of principal peroxidases of maize, Px3 and Px7, were determined and their changes during development of morphological mutants were examined. Horizontal gel electrophoresis was applied for resolution of peroxidase isozyme bands. An unusual Px3 allele, Px3-6, produced two bands electrophoresing similar to those produced by alleles Px3-1 and Px3-2. A hypothesis was tested that Px3-6 is a gene duplication. Densitometric methods identified the S and F bands of Px3-6 to be electrophoretically identical to those of Px3-1(S) and Px3-2(F). Electrophoresis under varying gel concentrations showed no evidence of differences in mobility and size between S and F bands from Px3-6(SF), Px3-1(S) and PX3-2(F) alleles. Genetic results suggested that Px3-6 (SF) allele is a tandem duplication of Px3 genes. Chromosomal location of Px3 locus previously assigned to Chromosome 7, was determined using gene markers o2, Pn, s1 and Tp, and waxy translocation 7-9a. The most pro...
Crop Science, 2014
M aize is a staple crop for food and feed in the developing world. Subsistence farmers who store maize often encounter losses in excess of 20% due to storage pests such as the larger grain borer (LGB) and the maize weevil (MW) (Bergvinson and García-Lara, 2004). Most of these farmers cannot afford hermetic storage structures or chemical control measures to reduce storage losses. Host-plant resistance is an effective and environmentally safe strategy to reduce storage losses that has been underutilized in maize (Pingali and Pandey, 2001). One of the mechanisms of resistance to storage pests of maize is thought to involve phenolic compounds located within the aleurone layer or pericarp of the kernel (Sen et al., 1994; Serratos et al., 1987, 1993). Resistant maize varieties exhibit elevated levels of cell wall cross-linking components in the pericarp. The principal cell wall components associated with resistance are simple phenolic acids (PhA), diand triferulates, heteroxylans, extensins, and peroxidase activity (Ayala-Soto et al.
The Role of Pericarp Cell Wall Components in Maize Weevil Resistance
Crop Science, 2004
layer, respectively . The pericarp of MW resistant maize has a higher concentration of The maize weevil (MW), Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.), is a storage hydroxycinnamic acids (Serratos et al., 1987). The mapest that causes serious losses in maize (Zea mays L.) in developing countries. This study was conducted to investigate the role of pericarp jor components are trans-FA (the most abundant) and cell wall components as factors that contribute to MW resistance in p-CA , which are not found as free nine genotypes of tropical maize. Six susceptibility parameters to MW acids. In the maize cell wall, these phenolic acids are were measured and related to cell wall components such as simple ester-linked to cell wall polysaccharides, as well as phephenolic acids, diferulic acids (DiFAs), hydroxyproline-rich glycopronolic dimers, such as DiFA Ishii, 1997). Arnateins (HRGPs), and nutritional and physical traits. Weevil susceptibilson et al. (1994) has demonstrated that MW resistant ity was negatively correlated (P Ͻ 0.001) with total DiFAs (r ϭ Ϫ0.77), genotypes have higher concentrations of total DiFAs. HRGPs (r ϭ Ϫ0.82), grain hardness (r ϭ Ϫ0.87), pericarp/whole Cross-linking of polysaccharides by DiFAs is considered kernel (P/K) ratio (r ϭ Ϫ0.68), and pericarp thickness (r ϭ Ϫ0.86). particularly important in fortification of the pericarp A detailed analysis of phenolics indicated the presence of trans-ferulic acid (FA), p-coumaric acid (CA), and four isomers of DiFA. The most cell wall, and these dimers probably contribute to the prominent were 5,5-DiFA, 8-O-4-DiFA, and 8,5-DiFA benzofuran observed correlations between phenolic acid content form (DiFAb). On the basis of regression models, 5,5-DiFA, 8-O-4and grain hardness (Classen et al., 1990; Arnason et al., DiFA, trans-FA, and p-CA were the most important phenolic compo-1997). Recently, several isomers of DiFAs have been nents of resistance. Grain hardness was correlated (P Ͻ 0.001) with identified and characterized within the maize pericarp cell wall bound HRGPs (r ϭ 0.61) and DiFAs (r ϭ 0.75). Cell wall and aleurone and proposed as a structural component of cross-linking components could contribute to MW resistance by fortifithe cell wall (Saulnier and Thibault, 1999) and resistance cation of the pericarp cell wall as well as increase grain hardness. This factors to Fusarium ear rot, caused by Fusarium gramistructurally based mechanism should be considered in the developnearum (Schwabe) (Bily et al., 2003). ment of hybrids and varieties where storage pests are prevalent.
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2010
Plant peroxidases are involved in numerous cellular processes in plant development and stress responses. Four plasma membrane-bound peroxidases have been identified and characterized in maize (Zea mays L.) roots. In the present study, maize seedlings were treated with different stresses and signal compounds, and a functional analysis of these membrane-bound class III peroxidases (pmPOX1, pmPOX2a, pmPOX2b, and pmPOX3) was carried out. Total guaiacol peroxidase activities from soluble and microsomal fractions of maize roots were compared and showed weak changes. By contrast, total plasma membrane and washed plasma membrane peroxidase activities, representing peripheral and integral membrane proteins, revealed strong changes after all of the stresses applied. A proteomic approach using 2D-PAGE analysis showed that pmPOX3 was the most abundant class III peroxidase at plasma membranes of control plants, followed by pmPOX2a >pmPOX2b >pmPOX1. The molecular mass (63 kDa) and the isoelectric point (9.5) of the pmPOX2a monomer were identified for the first time. The protein levels of all four enzymes changed in response to multiple stresses. While pmPOX2b was the only membrane peroxidase downregulated by wounding, all four enzymes were differentially but strongly stimulated by methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and elicitors (Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum extracts, and chitosan) indicating their function in pathogen defence. Oxidative stress applied as H 2 O 2 treatment up-regulated pmPOX2b >pmPOX2a, while pmPOX3 was down-regulated. Treatment with the phosphatase inhibitor chantharidin resulted in distinct responses.
Plant peroxidases : biochemistry and physiology
1996
Resistant (Reba B50) and susceptible (Acala 44) cotton plants were investigated for intratissular growth of bacterial populations and peroxidase (POx) activity, after infection of cotyledons with races 18 or 20 from #Xanthomonas (#Axonopodis$) campestris$ pv. #malvacearum$. Considerable multiplication of the bacterial population was noticed in the compatible interaction (Acala 44 / Xcm race 18) ; it was much lower during the incompatible interaction when race 18 was infiltrated into cotyledons of Reba B50. An intermediate level of bacterial growth was obtained when Reba B50 was infiltrated with race known to overcome resistance of this line. High increase in POx activity occurred into the infected cotyledons during incompatible interaction, while the increase was much lower when the interactions were compatible. On leaves, a similar and significant difference in enzyme activity was also observed indicating that the "peroxidase response" was systemically induced in entire r...
Differential peroxidase activities in three different crops upon insect feeding
Plant Signaling & Behavior, 2013
Peroxidases are the ubiquitous enzyme and reported to be present in all living genera. they catalyses reduction of peroxide and generate reactive oxygen species. In the present study we demonstrated that insect infestation induces peroxidase activity in sap and total soluble protein (tSP) of plant leaves. three important crop plants viz. tomato, cowpea and cotton were used for this study. after infestation of chewing insect, peroxidase activity in the sap and tSP of all the studied plants were enhanced in the range of 1.6-3.14 fold. Similar observations were also obtained with feeding of sap sucking insects, in which increment in peroxidase activity of sap and tSP was in the range of 1.8-2.53 fold. enhanced peroxidase activity was reconfirmed by in-gel peroxidase assay. enzyme kinetic study showed turn over efficiency of peroxidase from cotton (~101.3 min-1) was almost similar to tomato (~100.8 min-1) but higher than cowpea (~98.21 min-1). MS/MS analysis of observed band showed significant similarity with the reported peroxidases in database.
The embryo of the maize grain (Zea mays L.) is separated from the starchy endosperm by a fibrous structure, which is called the fibrous layer (FL). Using histochemical staining, it was determined that the FL is composed of collapsed cellular layers that contain phenols, neutral lipids, and 1,3-β-glucan. Due to its composition, the FL prevents free diffusion and separates the embryo from the endosperm during germination. Twenty-four hours after imbibition, the scutellum epidermis initiated a series of asynchronous spatial modifications, including cell growth, the perforation of cell walls, increased peroxidase activity in the apoplastic space, and elevated levels of superoxide, phenols, and other components that interact with the fibrous layer, enabling its transformation in addition to the free flow between compartments. During storage at high relative humidity levels, which leads to fast or slow deterioration depending on the temperature, the activity of phenol peroxidase in the scutellum was associated with a loss of vigor and reduced germination capacity when compared with low temperature and low relative humidity conditions. Such deterioration is associated with alterations in autofluorescent emissions from endogenous compounds in the scutellum, indicating changes in the microenvironment or in the differential proportions of epidermal and FL components.
Peroxidase activity and phenolic content in barley and wheat infested by cecidomyiid insects
International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research
Two species of Mayetiola (Cecidomyiidae), Mayetiola destructor (Say) and Mayetiola hordei Keiffer are the most destructive insect pests of wheat and barley, respectively, in Morocco. Infested plants are stunted, will stop growing, and eventually die. The objective of the present study was to understand mechanisms of cereals' responses to induced stress by these pest's attacks and determine the peroxidase activity and phenolic content in infested wheat and barley plants. Two susceptible cultivars were used in this experiment; Nesma, a bread wheat variety, and Kanby, a barely. The peroxidase activity and phenolic content in the infested and check plants were measured. The results showed that peroxidase values of infested barley and wheat plants ranged from 700 to 1850 and from 1380 to 2100 U/g fresh weight, respectively, while the total phenolic content ranged from 200 to 320 and from 300 to 450 µg/g fresh weight, respectively. A linear relationship existed between peroxidase ...