Socio-Economic Determinants of Rural-Urban Migration in Pakistan (original) (raw)
Related papers
ijbssnet.com
The purpose of this work, based on a survey in the NorthWest Pakistan, is to assess the impact of various socioeconomic factors on rural-urban migration. Using the binary probit model, our results suggest that economic factors play an important role in the household's decision to migrate but are not the only determinants. Therefore an in-depth analysis of the socioeconomic conditions prevailing at the rural and urban areas is necessary to understand the causes of rural-urban migration in Pakistan. Our empirical analyses indicate a positive and significant relationship between employment type, family members in the labor force, years of education, land holdings and migration. Moreover, a negative and significant relationship was observed between living conditions, opportunities of non-farm and farm income and rural-urban migration. Based on our empirical findings, we recommend that investment in urban infrastructure should be supplemented by investment in rural areas so as to reduce the mounting pressure on the urban infrastructure.
Determinants of Rural-Urban Migration in South-Waziristan Agency, Pakistan
International Journal of African and Asian Studies, 2017
To identify the determinants of rural-urban migration in South Waziristan Agency (SWA) the present study was conducted during 2015. The major reasons of rural-urban migration identified during study were search for job, terrorism, children’s future, education and credit/capital shortage. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed highly significant (P≤0.01) correlation of level of literacy at time of migration with education, health issues, credit/capital shortage and children`s future being a reason of migration. Furthermore the push factors played significant role in rural urban migration in contrast to pull factors. It is recommended that government should provide opportunities of employment in SWA and basic needs which can greatly reduce rural-urban migration. Keywords: Rural Urban Migration; Determinant; South Waziristan Agency; Basic Needs; Correlation
Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2013
Migration is universal phenomena and people move from rural areas to urban areas, from developing countries to developed countries and from societies with stagnant economic conditions to societies with better off economic conditions to address their economic and social needs. The present study was designed to explore the socioeconomic determinants of rural migrants in urban settings in Sargodha city. For the purpose of the study existing literature on the topics was thoroughly reviewed. A sample of 120 respondents was taken equally (40 from each colony) three randomly selected localities i.e. Satellite Town, Farooq Colony and Old Civil Line. Descriptive analysis demonstrates that insufficient, inappropriate educational, health, recreational facilities, poor infrastructure and stagnant and limited economic opportunities in rural areas were the prime factors which motivate the individuals and families to migrate to the urban areas. With increasing migration from rural to urban areas, the multi-dimensional problems such sanitation, environmental pollution, overcrowded housing, congested traffic, overpopulation, road accidents and crimes are increasing. Government should have provide better economic opportunities, better sanitation facilities, better health facilities better educational facilities, better infrastructure, better transportation, promotion of cottage industry, and establishment of small industry near the villages to divert the major flow of people from rural areas to urban areas.
International Journal of Agricultural Extension, 2021
This study was focused to identify the effects of rural-urban migration on the socio-economic conditions of migrant households in District Peshawar, Pakistan.Total150 respondents sampled through proportionate sampling technique from four different locations of Peshawar city participated in the study. Data were collected from the sampled respondents on a structured questionnaire through face-to-face interview technique. Results show that the majority of the respondents migrated during 2001 and 2010. Along with the poverty and social amenities, other major reasons behind the migration in the study area were access to quality education, the war against terrorism, employment opportunities, and health issues. Majority of the joint families converted to the nuclear family system after the migration. Their economic conditions were enhanced. As far as pre and post-migration facilities were concerned, positive changes were observed in the research area. It is recommended that the government...
RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN INDIA: DETERMINANTS AND FACTORS
The recent migration data from 64th round NSSO (2007-08) and census 2011 shows rapid increase in internal migration in India. The migration rate (proportion of migrants in the population) in the urban areas (35 percent) was far higher than the migration rate in the rural areas (26 percent). Among the migrants in the rural areas, nearly 91 percent have migrated from the rural areas and 8 percent from the urban areas: where as among the migrants in the urban areas, 59 percent migrated from the rural areas and 40 percent from urban areas. Hence rural-urban migration plays a very significant role, so far as migration stream is concerned.
Causes of Rural-Urban Migration and Its Effect on Quality of Life
ILMA Journal of Social Sciences & Economics, 2021
The important theme of the current research is to investigate the causes of migration and its effect on quality of life. The main objective of the study was to see the effect of migration on household income in rural areas of Punjab-Pakistan especially in district vehari. A total of 322 sampled respondents were purposively interviewed. The study indicates that about 71% of the total respondents migrated with their families during the period (2008-2017). The study revealed that, quality of education, and employment and family conflict were observed as major causes of rural-urban migration. Due to non-parametric distribution of data Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used to see before and after effect of migration on household income and expenditures. To check the hypothesis regression analysis has been conducted. The Moreover, after migration the monthly income and expenditure of the respondents increased. The earning members of 66.8% of the respondents increased after migration. The joi...
A study on factors responsible for rural urban migration
International Journal of Agricultural Invention, 2020
Rural India is yet a larder of problems like malnourishment, illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, sottishness and lack of basic infrastructure like schools/colleges, hospitals, sanitation, etc. This has pushed to rural youth moving out of villages to work in cities. Present study entitled "A study on factors responsible for rural urban migration" was conducted to explore the causes behind migration. The study was conducted in two industrially backward districts of Uttar Pradesh viz. Fatehpur and Banda. From each district one block, from each block four villages and from each village 10 respondents were selected through purposive random sampling from the list of families of rural migrants. Thus the total sample size was of 80 respondents. The data were collected by personal interview through structured schedule and simply analyzed through mean score and rank order. After making an exhaustive list of factors with the consultation of local people, causes were categorized in to five categories viz. economic factors, social factors, natural factors, good facilities of cities and other factors. Results of the study revealed that the major economic factors of migration are employment opportunities, poverty, low agriculture productivity, fragmentation of holding and Indebtedness. Prominent social factors encouraging migration were large size of family, desire to overcome of poverty, better educational opportunities, attraction towards better ways of living and loss of social prestige. Among natural factors exhaustion of natural resources was reported of highest importance. Important good facilities attracting to people are more avenue for earning better livelihood, educational facilities, medical facilities, communication facilities and good electric supply etc. Some other factors reported important by the respondents were lack of basic amenities in rural areas, better working conditions in the urban areas and hope of bright future. At the end, investigators felt that there is much more scope to conduct micro studies on migration process and its consequences to the urban as well as rural areas.
Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2013
Migration is universal phenomena and people move from rural areas to urban areas, from developing countries to developed countries and from societies with stagnant economic conditions to societies for searching batter socioeconomic status to address their economic and social needs. The nature of migration may be permanent or temporary depending on the nature and extent of needs of the migrants. Migration can effect positively or negatively the individuals, communities and nations directly and indirectly while migration from rural areas to urban areas in developing societies like Pakistan have more social, economic and cultural implications for the urban areas. The present study was designed to examine the various socio economic and demographic factors affecting migration behavior of the people. The respondents of the study were the male heads of families of the migrants. A sample of 120 respondents was taken from district Faisalabad. Interviewing, schedule was prepared in the light of research objectives for data collection. Descriptive analysis reflects that better education, better employment, better living status, better health facilities as reported by 80 %, 78.3 %, 75 %, and 72.5 % of the respondents respectively were the causes of their migration to the urban areas. The researcher also found that some cultural factors i.e. family conflict, family disorganization, and rough and tough control of family elders had positively impact on migration to urban area. The motivation of relatives and friends who lived in urban areas played a vital role in making final decision to migrate.