Technical Support Document: The Development of the Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Warehouse and Self-Storage Buildings (original) (raw)
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This Guide was prepared under ASHRAE Special Project 133. Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings is the first in a series designed to provide recommendations for achieving 50% energy savings over the minimum code requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004. The energy savings target of 50% is the next step toward achieving a net zero energy building, which is defined as a building that, on an annual basis, draws from outside resources equal or less energy than it provides using on-site renewable energy sources. ANSI/ASHRAE/ IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 provides the fixed reference point and serves as a consistent baseline and scale for all of the 50% Advanced Energy Design Guides. This Guide focuses on small to medium office buildings up to 100,000 ft 2. Office buildings include a wide range of office types and related activities such as administrative, professional, government, bank or other financial services, and medical offices without medical diagnostic equipment. These facilities typically include all or some of the following space types: open plan and private offices, conference and meeting spaces, corridors and transition areas, lounge and recreation areas, lobbies, active storage areas, restrooms, mechanical and electrical rooms, stairways, and other spaces. This Guide does not cover specialty spaces such as data centers, which are more typical in large office buildings. The specific energy-saving recommendations in this Guide are summarized in a single table for each climate zone and will allow contractors, consulting engineers, architects, and designers to easily achieve advanced levels of energy savings without detailed energy modeling or analyses. In addition, this Guide provides a greater emphasis on integrated design as a necessary component in achieving 50% energy savings and devotes an entire chapter to integrated-design strategies that can be used by teams who do not wish to follow the specific energy-saving recommendations. Those looking for help in implementing the climate-specific recommendations of this Guide will find an expanded section of tips and approaches in the " How to Implement Recommendations " chapter. These tips are cross-referenced with the recommendation tables. The chapter also includes additional " bonus " recommendations that identify opportunities to incorporate greater energy savings into the design of the building. Case studies and technical examples are sprinkled throughout the Guide to illustrate the recommendations and to demonstrate the technologies in real-world applications. For more information on the entire Advanced Energy Design Guide series, please visit
1986
The energy use and peak load requirement of the warehouse facility at the Human Services Center Complex buildings in Austin, Texas were analyzed using the DOE 2.1B building energy simulation program. An analysis was made for each building as specified in schematic designs and primary drawings. The energy consumption of the buildings were compared with the energy consumption of the modified buildings which conformed to the ASHRAE energy standard.
Analysis of annual energy consumption by a warehouse building
E3S Web of Conferences, 2019
This analysis was carried out to present the distribution of energy demand for air heating, air cooling and technology equipment for a warehouse through the year. The supplied energy is used to maintain the assumed temperatures in the rooms and for the needs of technology. During the work, the calculation model of the building was prepared and imported into the calculation program. The simulation was based on the planned building parameters (partitions structure, dimensions, technology) taken from the architectural executive design. Several versions of the structure of the construction and technical equipment have been analyzed. The obtained results show differences in the formation of energy demand and indoor room conditions.
Technical Support Document: 50% Energy Savings for Small Office Buildings
2010
Building Technologies (BT) Program. Buildings account for over 40% of total energy use and over 70% of electricity use in the United States . To reduce building energy usage, DOE, through its BT Program, established a strategic goal to "create technologies and design approaches that enable net-zero energy buildings (NZEB) at low incremental cost by 2025". Supporting DOE's goal directly, the project objective is to develop a package of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) that demonstrates the feasibility to achieve 50% energy savings for small office buildings with a simple payback of 5 years or less. The 50% goal is to reduce site energy usage relative to buildings that are built to just meet the minimum requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 (ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 2004) before using renewable energy.
The Role of Energy Storage in Commercial Building
2010
Motivation and Background of Study This project was motivated by the need to understand the full value of energy storage (thermal and electric energy storage) in commercial buildings, the opportunity of benefits for building operations and the potential interactions between a building and a smart grid infrastructure. On-site or local energy storage systems are not new to the commercial building sector; they have been in place in US buildings for decades. Most building-scale storage technologies are based on thermal or electrochemical storage mechanisms. Energy storage technologies are not designed to conserve energy, and losses associated with energy conversion are inevitable. Instead, storage provides flexibility to manage load in a building or to balance load and generation in the power grid. From the building owner's perspective, storage enables load shifting to optimize energy costs while maintaining comfort. From a grid operations perspective, building storage at scale could provide additional flexibility to grid operators in managing the generation variability from intermittent renewable energy resources (wind and solar). To characterize the set of benefits, technical opportunities and challenges, and potential economic values of storage in a commercial building from both the building operation's and the grid operation's viewpoints is the key point of this project. The research effort was initiated in early 2010 involving Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to quantify these opportunities from a commercial buildings perspective. This report summarizes the early discussions, literature reviews, stakeholder engagements, and initial results of analyses related to the overall role of energy storage in commercial buildings. Beyond the summary of roughly eight months of effort by the laboratories, the report attempts to substantiate the importance of active DOE/BTP R&D activities in this space. v Drastic improvements of building energy efficiency, even by relatively optimistic goals of 50-70% above ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004, suggest reductions in the total carbon emissions attributable to commercial buildings. However, population and economic growth will continue to increase total commercial and residential floor area, making the total reduction of emissions an even harder goal to reach. Achieving long-term carbon reduction targets by 2050, is inextricably linked to our ability to decarbonize the energy supply to the US building stock. The building sector is perfectly positioned, not only to contribute by drastically improving energy efficiency on the demand side, but also to contribute to the supply side by providing grid services with potentially no carbon emissions penalties. Need for Energy Storage R&D in the Building Sector DOE's energy R&D portfolio is diverse, including a broad range of supply and demand side technologies that will help address the nation's energy, climate, and energy security concerns. Of equal importance are the spaces between these technologies, and the cost-effective system integration opportunities that are easily overlooked. Building energy storage and the broader value proposition falls in this area. If affordability of future energy supply is taken into consideration when designing the R&D agenda for the US building stock then an overall system perspective should be applied that includes both buildings and the electricity infrastructure. Over decades of research in the energy efficiency space, we have recognized the power of systems analysis in the buildings sector and the importance of defining the right problem. There has been recognition of diminishing returns associated with continued R&D investment in individual building component technologies, and increased emphasis placed on the cost-effectiveness of holistic system engineering approaches. The analysis of integration issues in the buildings research context offers great promise in improving the overall efficiency of whole building systems relative to continued emphasis on specific components. Just as we have recognized the importance of defining system boundaries and interactions to address the commercial building energy efficiency challenge, there are opportunities that the building sector may provide in the broader system context of the electric grid. In this expanded context, current thinking associated with the performance and value of certain building technologies shifts substantially. Technologies that don't make economic sense for a building owner suddenly do have significant value at the community scale or larger, and become viable. The challenges and opportunities of interaction between buildings and the supply system are the subject of this analysis. Energy storage is not the only solution to the energy, climate, and security issues, but it could provide a significant value and contribution to this long-term energy-climate challenge. Not quantifying the whole-system benefits of building energy storage may delay the realization of novel concepts and opportunities in a time of heightened urgency. Preliminary Results A number of joint and individual activities took place during the eight month period of performance that the three laboratories worked on the project. All three laboratories contributed to an initial literature review and information gathering from key stakeholders to better understand the state of technologies and market perceptions. The outcomes of this collaboration were two individual reports published by PNNL and NREL. PNNL published the first report titled: "Literature Review in Support of the Project: vi
Integrated Building Energy Systems Design Considering Storage Technologies
The addition of storage technologies such as flow batteries, conventional batteries, and heat storage can improve the economic, as well as environmental attraction of micro-generation systems (e.g., PV or fuel cells with or without CHP) and contribute to enhanced demand response. The interactions among PV, solar thermal, and storage systems can be complex, depending on the tariff structure, load profile, etc. In order to examine the impact of storage technologies on demand response and CO2 emissions, a microgrid's distributed energy resources (DER) adoption problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program that can pursue two strategies as its objective function. These two strategies are minimization of its annual energy costs or of its CO2 emissions. The problem is solved for a given test year at representative customer sites, e.g., nursing homes, to obtain not only the optimal investment portfolio, but also the optimal hourly operating schedules for the selected technolo...
Applying Energy Storage in Ultra-low Energy Buildings - FINAL REPORT
The building sector contributes immensely to the total energy consumption, particularly for its space conditioning and demotic hot. Evidence from a variety of research suggests that the built environment contributes substantially to global energy consumption and to the production of greenhouse gases that impact climate change: buildings use about 40% of the world-wide total energy and contribute up to 35% of Greenhouse Gases (GHG). These facts highlight the importance of targeting building energy use as a key to decrease the energy consumption and GHG emission simultaneously. The contribution of building energy use to the climate change has been acknowledged by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and it has called for the reduction of energy use in buildings.
2019
In order to determine the most suitable storage system for buildings with photovoltaics (PVs), a holistic analysis of the energy consumption is often required. In that sense, this paper provides a comparative assessment of thermal and battery storage in the context of nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs). A NZEB with a PV, heat pump and a radiant floor has been considered for this purpose. The comparison is conducted in terms of the self-consumption rate and the net present value. In addition, a control strategy that maximizes the buildings selfconsumption has been developed for the NZEB with thermal storage. For the NZEB with a battery, a common rule-based strategy has been employed. The results indicate that for smaller capacities, the thermal storage is better at improving selfconsumption. Moreover, under a pure self-consumption scheme, battery storage becomes economically viable if investment costs are lower than 200 EUR/kWh.