Plasma progesterone in alpaca (Lama pacos) during pregnancy, parturition and early postpartum (original) (raw)
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Evaluation of early reproductive performance in the postpartum alpaca by progesterone concentrations
Animal Reproduction Science, 1995
The proportion of female alpacas ovulating, conceiving and remaining pregnant up to 40 days after copulation was evaluated using progesterone concentrations. One hundred and seventy six parous, postpartum alpacas were divided into three groups for breeding at 10,20, and 30 days postpartum at the La Raya research station, Cusco, Peru. Females were further subdivided into three groups to allow copulation once, twice, or three times at 24-h intervals, within different postpartum times. Blood samples were collected at time of breeding, at Day 7 (ovulation), at Day 2 1 (conception), and Day 40 (pregnancy) from all females after breeding. Progesterone analysis was performed by enzyme immunoassay. There was significant difference in the proportion of females ovulating at Days 10 (40/62), 20 (40/52) or 30 (52/62) postpartum; however, frequency of breeding did not increase the number of females ovulating. There was significant difference in the proportion of females conceiving at Days 10 (25/40), 20 (35/40), and 30 (47/52) postpartum, compared with females ovulating at the three times of breeding. There was also a significant difference in the number of females in which pregnancy was sustained at Day 40 when bred at 10 ( 19), 20 (31) and 30 (44) days postpartum. There were significant differences in the concentration of progesterone of ovulating females (4.2 ng ml _ ') , conceiving females (3.1 ng ml-') and females remaining pregnant ( 1.4 ng ml-'), compared with the overall mean of 0.4 ng ml-' for females that did not ovulate, did not conceive and that experienced embryonic mortality. Altogether, these results suggest that breeding as early as Day 10 postpartum does not yield acceptable fertility rates as compared with breeding on Days 20 or 30 postpartum, and that repeated breeding does not increase the number of females ovulating or conceiving.
The agouti (Dasyprocta sp.) is a hystricomorph rodent found in some regions of the Americas. It is an important cynegetic species, which indicates that the overhunting is a threat to their conservation. Very little is known about this wildlife in relation to what already has been studied in domestic animals. Thus, the knowledge on reproduction of wildlife becomes necessary and essential for the management and conservation of these natural resources. Specifically, studies regarding hormonal monitoring are important as a basic tool for research in modern reproductive biotechnology, and currently, there is no information on the progesterone changes during pregnancy of Dasyprocta sp., compared to other hystricomorphs. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of plasmatic progesterone during pregnancy, and report the restart of ovarian cycle in agouti after parturition. For this purpose, 18 black-rumped agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) born in captivity were used, and one or more consecutive pregnancies were observed. Copulation was confirmed by the presence of spermatozoa observed in the colpocytological examination. Blood samples were collected two times per week, and concentrations of progesterone, assessed in ten agoutis, were determined by radioimmunoassay. The onset of ovarian activity in six females was observed daily by colpocytological examination, starting on the seventh day postpartum. The gestational period observed in this study was 104.04 days (SD = 1.31) (101-106 days) (Number of cases, N = 26), and the interval between births was 126.03 days (SD = 18.40) (109-184 days). The plasmatic profile of progesterone during pregnancy showed a progressive increase from the 1 st to the 5 th week. The higher progesterone levels over this period (6.88 ng / mL, SD = 3.01) were detected in the 5 th week. This value was similar (One-Way ANOVA, p > 0.05) to that observed in the 4 th and 6 th weeks, but was statistically different (One-Way ANOVA, p < 0.05) when compared to the other weeks. After the 6 th week there was a progressive decrease in plasmatic progesterone levels. The animals showed a postpartum estrus of 12.04 days (SD= 4.29) (7-24 days) (N= 23). It was observed that 80.95 % (N= 19) of copulations during this period were fertile. This work contributed to understanding the dynamic changes in the progesterone levels during the pregnancy in agou-ti. Nevertheless, more studies are needed for a better appreciation of other endocrine and biological changes, in the mother and feto-placental unit of the agouti. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1519-1526. Epub 2016 December 01.
Small Ruminant …, 2003
This study characterized body condition, blood metabolites and neonatal growth patterns from alpaca 90 days pre-and postpartum at the Kampenaike Research Station in Punta Arenas, Chile. Forty-two multiparous alpaca were maintained on pastures consisting of primarily Festuca dolicophylla and Poa pretensis during the experiment (early spring to late summer). Body weight (BWT) and body condition scores (BCS) were recorded and jugular blood samples obtained from dams bi-weekly and from their crias on days 0, 1, 3, and 7, and bi-weekly during the experiment. Plasma samples were analyzed for glucose, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), creatinine, electrolytes (Na, K, Cl and Ca), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations. Pre-and postparturient BWT was different (81 kg versus 72 kg, P < 0.05), while BCS was constant at 3.2. Dam glucose increased (P < 0.05) from 7.4 mmol/l prior to parturition to 12.7 mmol/l at parturition, decreasing and stabilizing by day 7-7.0 mmol/l. PUN decreased (P < 0.05) from 6.9 mmol/l prepartum to 4.0 mmol/l at day 1, increasing to 5.4 mmol/l at day 8 to >35. Creatinine decreased (P < 0.05) from 140.6 to 107.0 mol/l at day 7, then increased to 120.2 mol/l at >day 35. Blood electrolytes were affected by parturition, most notably calcium changes attributed to lactation. Cria weights increased from 8.3 to 25.0 kg (195 g per day ±0.005 S.E.M.). Cria blood glucose, PUN, and creatinine concentrations were 10.1, 6.9 mmol/l, and 298.8 mol/l, respectively at birth, decreasing (P < 0.05) to 8.1, 5.1 mmol/l, and 122.9 mol/l, respectively, by >day 35.
Small Ruminant Research, 2003
This study characterized body condition, blood metabolites and neonatal growth patterns from alpaca 90 days pre-and postpartum at the Kampenaike Research Station in Punta Arenas, Chile. Forty-two multiparous alpaca were maintained on pastures consisting of primarily Festuca dolicophylla and Poa pretensis during the experiment (early spring to late summer). Body weight (BWT) and body condition scores (BCS) were recorded and jugular blood samples obtained from dams bi-weekly and from their crias on days 0, 1, 3, and 7, and bi-weekly during the experiment. Plasma samples were analyzed for glucose, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), creatinine, electrolytes (Na, K, Cl and Ca), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations. Pre-and postparturient BWT was different (81 kg versus 72 kg, P < 0.05), while BCS was constant at 3.2. Dam glucose increased (P < 0.05) from 7.4 mmol/l prior to parturition to 12.7 mmol/l at parturition, decreasing and stabilizing by day 7-7.0 mmol/l. PUN decreased (P < 0.05) from 6.9 mmol/l prepartum to 4.0 mmol/l at day 1, increasing to 5.4 mmol/l at day 8 to >35. Creatinine decreased (P < 0.05) from 140.6 to 107.0 mol/l at day 7, then increased to 120.2 mol/l at >day 35. Blood electrolytes were affected by parturition, most notably calcium changes attributed to lactation. Cria weights increased from 8.3 to 25.0 kg (195 g per day ±0.005 S.E.M.). Cria blood glucose, PUN, and creatinine concentrations were 10.1, 6.9 mmol/l, and 298.8 mol/l, respectively at birth, decreasing (P < 0.05) to 8.1, 5.1 mmol/l, and 122.9 mol/l, respectively, by >day 35.
Veterinarski arhiV, 2007
Peripheral serum progesterone (P 4) profile as an index of postpartum (pp) resumption of ovarian activity was determined in fifteen (15) multiparous Red Sokoto goats between day 1 and 30 pp. Serum P 4 was determined on day 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25 and 30 pp, that is, on every 4 th day after the preceeding sampling and on the 5 th day after day 25 sampling. A total of 115 serum samples were analysed by radioimmunoassay. The mean P 4 concentration during the period of study was 0.19 ± 0.02 ng/mL. Two progestronic peaks were observed at day 5 and 17 pp. The highest P 4 concentration occurred on day 17 pp (0.26 ± 0.07 ng/mL) and the lowest level on day 25 pp (<0.1 ng/mL). Progesterone levels rose from day 1 pp (0.18 ± 0.04 ng/mL) to a moderate peak at day 5 pp (0.25 ± 0.07 ng/mL). A sudden fall in P 4 level occurred after day 5 pp and continued through days 9 and 13 pp (0.23 ± 0.06 and 0.21 ± 0.05 ng/mL, respectively). Thereafter, P 4 concentrations rose to the highest level by day 17 pp (0.26 ± 0.07 ng/mL). From a second peak on day 17 pp, P 4 levels fell progressively through day 21 pp (0.17 ± 0.06 ng/mL) to basal concentrations on day 25 pp (<0.1 ng/mL). On day 30 pp, when the experiment was terminated, P 4 concentration rose again to 0.12 ± 0.03 ng/mL. The mean P 4 concentrations between sampling days were not significantly different (P>0.05). It is concluded that ovarian activity in the early pp period is characterized by fluctuating short-term luteal phases and may resume as early as day 5 pp in multiparous Red Sokoto goat.
Endocrine changes during pregnancy, parturition and post-partum in guanacos (Lama guanicoe)
Animal Reproduction Science, 2009
Plasma concentrations of progesterone (P4), estradiol-17 (E2), estrone (E1) and estrone sulfate (E1S) were measured during gestation in eight guanacos kept in captivity. Gestational length was 346.1 ± 9.8 days. P4 plasma concentrations increased after ovulation and remained elevated until parturition. However, during the last 4 weeks of gestation, a gradual decrease from 4.17 × 1.17 ±1 nmol/L to 2.02 × 1.95 ±1 nmol/L on day 5 before parturition was observed, followed by a more abrupt final decline to baseline concentrations which were reached on the day after parturition. Mean E2 plasma concentrations started to increase during the eighth month of gestation, and were significantly elevated up to maximum concentrations of 484.7 × 1.21 ±1 pmol/L during the last 2 months of pregnancy. Concentrations returned to baseline during the last 2 days of gestation. An increase of E1S concentrations (p < 0.01) was observed in the eleventh month of gestation. Mean E1S concentrations remained rather constant during the last 3 weeks of gestation between 4 to 8 nmol/L until parturition, when a steep precipitous decline was observed. E1 concentrations were slightly elevated during the last 4 weeks of gestation, however, maximum concentrations did not exceed 1.5 nmol/L. The results show distinct species specific features of gestational steroid hormone profiles in the guanaco in comparison to domestic South American camelids, such as a more pronounced gradual prepartal
Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2012
In this study, it is aimed to determine the length of estrus cycle, size of the preovulatory follicle, and ovulation time during the postpartum period (pp) in Anatolian jennies and to measure steroid hormone levels during the same period. Five healthy Jennies at late-stage of gestation were included in the study. During the post partum period, plasma progesterone (P4), total estrogen (E2) and 20α-OH-progesterone (20α-OH-P4) levels were studied by RIA. Ovarian activity and uterus involution were determined by rectal palpation and ultrasound examinations. The first postpartum behavioral estrus occurred as early as 6 days pp. Follicles were reached to a preovulatoric size of 30 to 35 mm during the 2 nd day of estrus, during which plasma P4, E2 and 20α-OH-P4 concentrations were 0.9±0.40 ng/ml, 6.82±4.64 ng/ml and 0.98±0.21 ng/ml, respectively. The first ovulation occurred 10-15 days after parturition. During the first postpartum cycle, plasma P4 reached to a maximum concentration 14 days after ovulation. The second estrus was observed 32.2±1.58 days postpartum period (pp). The estrus behaviour lasted 6.0±1.00 days and 5.6±1.67 days in the first and second cycles, respectively. The uterus borders were detected by rectal palpation as early as 3 and 4 days postpartum period (pp). The uterus was totally palpable 6-9 days after parturition. Importantly, a high correlation was determined between the P4 and 20α-OH-P4 concentrations.
Serum Progesterone Concentration in Bali Cow During Pregnancy
Open Science Repository Veterinary Medicine, 2013
The purpose of this study is to characterise progesterone concentration in Bali cows before, during and after pregnancy. This study enables pregnant status to be detected shortly following conception in Bali cow. Five Bali cows and one Bali bull were used in this study, between June 2010 and September 2011. The concentration of progesterone in the blood serum was analysed using Enzyme-Linked Fluorescent Immunoassay principle in Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. Cow bodyweight increased during pregnancy aligned with foetus development in uterus. The progesterone concentration in non-pregnant cow was 1.32 ± 0.93 ng/ml over 11 months of observation. For the pregnant cows the progesterone concentration was 0.76 ± 0.64 ng/ml before pregnant and increased pronouncedly ranging between 7.43 ± 5.27 and 16.7 ± 2.29 ng/ml from the first up to the 7th month of pregnancy, then slightly declined toward parturition, between 11.55 ± 0.71 and 8.46 ± 5.33 ng/ml, and plunged down markedly to level of 0.89 ± 0.24 ng/ml following parturition. Progesterone concentration were markedly different in pregnant versus non-pregnant Bali cows. This allows pregnant status of Bali cow to be detected shortly following conception.
Prenatal development of the alpaca (Lama pacos)
Animal Reproduction Science, 1993
The prenatal development of the alpaca was studied. An evaluation of the reproductive tract by rectal palpation was described throughout pregnancy. Forty-eight embryos/fetuses were collectcxi from a similar number of pregnant females at La Raya research station, in Cusco, Peru. Fetal data were analyzed by least squares regression. Ninety-eight percent of fetuses were located in the left uterine horn; however, corpora lutea were distributed evenly between the left and right ovaries. The pregnant uterus was within the pelvic cavity until 90 days of pregnancy, thereafter, the uterus was located cranial to the brim of the pelvis within the abdominal cavity. The growth curves of body weight, crown-rump length, vertebral column length, curved crown-rump length were quadratic in nature. The sex of the fetus could be distinguished at 60 days. Hair was present on the lips, eyebrows and tail at 210 days. The body was completely covered by fiber by 240 days of gestation. The mammary gland began to increase in weight only 30 days prior to parturition.