New approach for extraction of cellulose from tucumã's endocarp and its structural characterization (original) (raw)
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Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from agro-residues has received much attention, not only for their unique properties supporting a wide range of potential applications, but also their limited risk to global climate change. This research was conducted to assess Nile roses (Eichhornia crassipes) fibers as a natural biomass to extract CNCs through an acid hydrolysis approach. Nile roses fibers (NRFs) were initially subjected to alkaline (pulping) and bleaching pretreatments. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used as control in comparison to Nile rose based samples. All samples underwent acid hydrolysis process at a mild temperature (45 • C). The impact of extraction durations ranging from 5 to 30 min on the morphology structure and crystallinity index of the prepared CNCs was investigated. The prepared CNCs were subjected to various characterization techniques, namely: X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR analysis, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The outcomes obtained by XRD showed that the crystallinity index increased as the duration of acid hydrolysis was prolonged up to 10 min, and then decreased, indicating optimal conditions for the dissolution of amorphous zones of cellulose before eroding the crystallized domains. These data were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. However, a minor effect of hydrolysis duration on the degree of crystallinity was noticed for MCC based samples. TEM images illustrated that a spherical morphology of CNCs was formed as a result of 30 min acid hydrolysis, highlighting the optimal 20 min acid hydrolysis to obtain a fibrillar structure. The XPS study demonstrated that the main constituents of extracted CNCs were carbon and oxygen.
Analysis of cellulose production from Cocos nucifera endocarps from a structural perspective
1 International Journal of Advanced Science and Research, 2023
Understanding the characteristics of organic materials is necessary for using them. This study set out to determine the characteristics of the separated cellulose from Cocos nucifera endocarps to determine its suitability for future use. To accomplish this, Cocos nucifera endocarp powder was alkaline pulped and chlorite bleached, and then the cellulose was subjected to various instrumental analyses using ImageJ software, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and other tools. The existence of important cellulose functional groups such O-H, C-H, and C=O was confirmed by the FTIR. The cellulose appeared in the SEM micrograph as a cluster fiber with a rough surface that resembled a short rod. Using Visio 2016 and Origin PRO 2018, it was discovered that the average cellulose length and diameter are 56 mm and 20 mm, respectively, while the XRD revealed a mixture of crystalline and amorphous particles with 51% crystallinity and a crystallite size of 1.30 nm. The values of the total crystalline index and the lateral order index are 0.75 and 1.2, respectively. The findings might be used to assess the suitability of cellulose extracted from Cocos nucifera endocarps for various uses.
Agro productividad, 2023
Objective: To procure and characterize cellulose nanocrystals from cassava bagasse. Design/methodology/approach: Cellulose nanocrystals were obtained from cassava bagasse by acid hydrolysis (HCI), ultrasonication, centrifugation, dialysis, deep freezing and lyophilization. The cassava bagasse and the cellulose nanocrystals obtained were physicochemically characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Coupled Elemental Analysis (SEM-EDS). As an additional technique, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used. Results: The analyses performed show that the cellulose obtained was type Iβ. This study reports a percentage of crystallinity of the cassava bagasse cellulose of 37.1%, increasing the percentage to 48% crystallinity in cellulose nanocrystals. The diameters of the cassava bagasse fibers were reported to be 2 m and their elemental composition (SEM-EDS) mainly constituted by carbon (C), oxygen (O) and traces of nitrogen (N). The morphology observed through AFM of the nanocrystals of cassava bagasse (Manihot esculenta) was rodshaped, with helicoidal appearance without residual charge, with diameters between 8.7 and 9.3 nm. Limitations on study/implications: The acid hydrolysis process showed a low percentage of crystallinity, although higher than other works reported for cassava bagasse. Findings/conclusions: The results obtained confirm the possibility of obtaining cellulose nanocrystals from cassava bagasse (Manihot esculenta).
Unusual extraction and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from cellulose derivatives
Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2015
Unlike many nanomaterials, nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) is not synthesized from molecular or atomic components but rather extracted from naturally occurring cellulose. Undoubtedly, the exploitation of CNCs will become a bridge between nanoscience and natural resource products, which could play a major role in reviving the forest industry. In this work, CNC was successfully extracted from unusual sources, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). The extracted crystallites were purified and further characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The average size of the CNCs extracted from HPMC and CMC was found to be less (and with lower zeta potential) than the ones extracted from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). On the other hand, FTIR and XRD revealed that native HPMC and CMC are unexpectedly highly crystalline and hence can be used as a source for CNCs.
Study of Crystallinity Extract Cellulose from Corn Stalk Fiber
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Science and Technology, ICOST 2019, 2-3 May, Makassar, Indonesia, 2019
Study of crystallinity Extract Cellulose was carried out. Cellulose extracted by Corn Stalk Fiber using the ''Peracid−Hydroxide−Hypochlorite (P−H−H)' method and characterized with FTIR and XRD. IR spectra showed strong absorption at 3415.93 cm −1 which is attributed to O−H stretching vibration (intermolecular hydrogen bonds), vibrations at 1028.06 cm −1 is assigned for C−O−C stretching which appears almost simultaneously with the vibration located at 993.34 cm −1 (Indicate β−1.4−Glycosidic bond by Cellulose). The particle size of Cellulose which is 20.95 nm and has a crystallinity phase of 66.18%. These results indicate that extract cellulose by the P−H−H method has good material crystallinity.
Structural Features of Celluloses of Different Origin
Parameters of supramolecular structure of celluloses isolated from various natural sources have been studied, such as type of crystalline allomorph, crystallinity and amorphicity degrees, interplanar distances and specific volume of crystalline unit cells, as well as sizes and area of specific surface of crystallites. It was found that in the sequence of various CIβ samples, from tunicate cellulose to celluloses of cotton, bast fibers (flax), wood and herbaceous plants, a gradual decrease in crystallinity degree and sizes of crystallites was observed, whereas the area of specific surface of crystallites, specific volume of crystalline unit cells and interplanar distance increased. Among CIα samples, the cellulose isolated from Valonia algae has the more ordered supramolecular structure than the isolated bacterial cellulose. Comparison of CIα and CIβ cellulose samples having the close crystallinity, lateral size of crystallites and area of specific surface showed that the CIα lattice is more distorted than CIβ lattice. It was found that independently on the type of crystalline allomorph; hydrophilic properties of isolated celluloses (sorption of water vapor and heat of wetting) are directly proportional to amorphicity degree, whereas specific gravity is directly proportional to crystallinity degree of celluloses. On the other hand, content of CII after alkalization of cellulose samples with 12% NaOH is inversely proportional to lateral size of crystallites.
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Materials Letters, 2015
Nanocrytalline cellulose (NCC) was isolated using cellulose extracted from two different precursor materials: Eucalyptus globulus and rice straw. The two ground precursor materials were autoclaved with a 10 % NaOH solution at 120 o C for 3 h. The alkali-treated precursor materials were bleached using sodium chlorite/acetic acid and sodium hypochlorite. The bleached precursor materials were acid-hydrolyzed in 65 % (w/w) sulfuric acid at 45 o C for 30-120 min. The changes in the chemical composition of the two precursor materials were studied before and after bleaching by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy according to the NREL report and TAPPI standards. Hydrolyzates were characterized by Xray diffractometry, thermogravimetric analysis, Zeta-potential analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that the physical properties of NCC were strongly dependent on the acid-hydrolysis time.