Fe 3 SnC@CNF: A 3 D Antiperovskite Intermetallic Carbide System as a New Robust High‐Capacity Lithium‐Ion Battery Anode (original) (raw)
Related papers
Recent developments in advanced anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
Energy Materials, 2021
The rapid expansion of electric vehicles and mobile electronic devices is the main driver for the improvement of advanced high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The electrochemical performance of LIBs depends on the specific capacity, rate performance and cycle stability of the electrode materials. In terms of the enhancement of LIB performance, the improvement of the anode material is significant compared with the cathode material. There are still some challenges in producing an industrial anode material that is superior to commercial graphite. Based on the different electrochemical reaction mechanisms of anode materials for LIBs during charge and discharge, the advantages/disadvantages and electrochemical reaction mechanisms of intercalation-, conversion- and alloying-type anode materials are summarized in detail here. The methods and strategies for improving the electrochemical performance of different types of anode materials are described in detail. Finally, challenges ...
A review of cathode and anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
SoutheastCon 2016, 2016
Lithium ion batteries are one of the most commercially sought after energy storages today. Their application widely spans from Electric Vehicle (EV) to portable devices. Their lightness and high energy density makes them commercially viable. More research is being conducted to better select the materials for the anode and cathode parts of Lithium (Li) ion cell. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the existing and potential developments in the materials used for the making of the best cathodes, anodes and electrolytes for the Liion batteries such that maximum efficiency can be tapped. Observed challenges in selecting the right set of materials is also described in detail. This paper also provides a brief history of battery technology and their wide applicability in the energy market today, the chemistry and principle of operation behind the batteries, and their potential applications even beyond the energy sector. Safety concerns related to Li-ion batteries have also been taken into account considering recent events.
Si-Based Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries: A Mini Review
Nano-Micro Letters, 2014
Si has been considered as one of the most attractive anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high gravimetric and volumetric capacity. Importantly, it is also abundant, cheap, and environmentally benign. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in developments of Si anode materials. First, the electrochemical reaction and failure are outlined, and then, we summarized various methods for improving the battery performance, including those of nanostructuring, alloying, forming hierarchic structures, and using suitable binders. We hope that this review can be of benefit to more intensive investigation of Si-based anode materials. Keywords Li-ion batteries Á Anode Á Si Á High capacity Á Nanomaterials 1 Introduction In the last two decades, the Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have successfully captured the portable electronic market. However, when it is proposed to conquer the upcoming markets of electric vehicles, storage of energy from renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic plants and/ or wind turbines and other KWh levels load, great improvements in storage capacity, which is currently mainly limited by their electrode materials, are urgently needed [1-5]. It is well known that the commercial graphite anode cannot meet these challenges due to its low theoretical capacity (372 mAh g-1). There is a consensus that the breakthrough in capacity can be achieved by moving from classical intercalation reaction to alloying reaction because the alloying reaction can store more Li compared with intercalation reaction. For example, Li can react with Si to form Li 22 Si 5 alloy, but with graphite only, to form LiC 6 alloy. Since Dey demonstrated that Li metal can electrochemically alloy with other metals (Sn, Pb, Al, Au, Pt, Zn, Ag, Mg, and Cd) at room temperature [6], Lialloying reactions with metallic or semi-metallic elements and various compounds have been investigated during the past few decades, such as Sn, P, Ge, Pb, and Sb. Wen et al. showed that Sn reacted with lithium to yield different Li-Sn phases:
Rsc Advances, 2013
The process of lithium storage by conversion reaction is a subject of intense research in the field of lithium ion batteries as it opens up the possibility of storing more than one mole of lithium per formula unit, leading to very high storage capacities. For instance, lithium storage by conversion reaction in hematite (a-Fe 2 O 3 ) results in high theoretical capacity of 1005 mAh g 21 . Despite numerous attempts, the first cycle reversibility and cyclability achieved in this material have been disappointingly low. To overcome these limitations, we report here an effective ''active material-electrode design'' incorporating the following features: (i) well-connected active material particles; (ii) adequate active material surface area; (iii) strong particle-current collector adhesion and (iv) superior degree of electrode drying. Incorporating these features in a-Fe 2 O 3 electrodes enhances its overall electrochemical performance. For the first time, a high first cycle reversibility of 90% is reported for lithium storage via conversion reaction in a-Fe 2 O 3 . The long term cyclability over 800 cycles demonstrated here is one of highest reported values for this material. Even at high current densities of 5.025 A g 21 (12 mins of charge/discharge), this tailored a-Fe 2 O 3 delivers capacities (446 mAh g 21 ) in excess of graphite (372 mAh g 21 ). Most importantly, this anode material shows feasible operation in a full cell containing olivine LiMn 0.8 Fe 0.2 PO 4 cathode. It is believed that this simple design approach could also be extended to other material systems such as phosphides, sulphides, nitrides and fluorides that store lithium via conversion mechanism.
Variable temperature performance of intermetallic lithium-ion battery anode materials
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2011
Although a variety of cathode and electrolyte materials have been studied and commercialized over the past two decades, nearly all commercial cells have used a graphitic carbon anode. Several reasons exist for this choice-including cost, low insertion voltage, and ease of use in the cell manufacturing process. However as uses for lithium-ion batteries expand, alternative anodes that may offer better energy and power capability are being explored. For transportation-oriented purposes, anodes based on simple lithiated Zintl compounds, e.g. Li 17 Sn 4 , or intermetallic insertion anodes offer significant advantages in capacity (volumetric and gravimetric) and stability in the cell environment that make them attractive candidates for future cell chemistries. Within this context, little however is known about how these alternative anode materials perform as a function of temperature, which is important for applications where operation at temperatures as low as −30 • C can be expected. In this study we evaluated a series of intermetallic insertion anodes that operate by a simple metal displacement mechanism. We have found that for Cu 6 Sn 5 , Ag/Cu 6 Sn 5 , and Cu 2 Sb, the drop-off in performance with temperature is in line with that observed for a commercial graphite-based anode and indicates that additional variables such as cation diffusion through the electrode passivation film or the electrochemical double layer may be playing an important role that is independent of the underlying anode material. We additionally characterized the NiAs-type mineral Sorosite (CuSn 0.9 Sb 0.1 ), as various literature reports had indicated that substitution of antimony for tin eliminated the need for interstitial copper, however powder X-ray diffraction studies of samples made by annealing or high energy ball milling indicated mixed phase samples.
Lithium alloys and metal oxides as high-capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2013
Lithium alloys and metal oxides have been widely recognized as the next-generation anode materials for lithium-ion batteries with high energy density and high power density. A variety of lithium alloys and metal oxides have been explored as alternatives to the commercial carbonaceous anodes. The electrochemical characteristics of silicon, tin, tin oxide, iron oxides, cobalt oxides, copper oxides, and so on are systematically summarized. In this review, it is not the scope to retrace the overall studies, but rather to highlight the electrochemical performances, the lithium storage mechanism and the strategies in improving the electrochemical properties of lithium alloys and metal oxides. The challenges and new directions in developing lithium alloys and metal oxides as commercial anodes for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries are also discussed.