Poultry Response to Heat Stress: Its Physiological, Metabolic, and Genetic Implications on Meat Production and Quality Including Strategies to Improve Broiler Production in a Warming World (original) (raw)
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Repercussions and Mitigation of Heat Stress in Poultry: A review
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To achieve successful poultry production and welfare, it is critical to understand and control environmental variables. Heat stress is one of the most important environmental stressors that poultry industries face around the world. Heat stress has a variety of negative impacts on broilers and laying hens, ranging from lower growth and egg production to decreased quality and safety of poultry and eggs. Hence, the harmful effects of heat stress on poultry welfare have recently raised public awareness and concern. Therefore, it is important to focus on intervention strategies to deal with heat stress conditions, which use a variety of approaches, such as environmental management, nutritional manipulation and genetic modifications. This could aid in the development of poultry industry in hotter environmental conditions. Sushma1; Parvati Sharma2* 1Department of Zoology and aquaculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana), India. 2Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Bansi La...
Impact of Heat Stress on Chicken Performance, Welfare, and Probable Mitigation Strategies
International Journal of Enviornment and Climate Change, 2022
The poultry industry globally provides chicken meat and eggs, the most significant protein sources among animal foods. The industry is grappling with the effect of climate change which causes heat stress and harms the performance and welfare of the chicken. Heat stress has been the most significant environmental stress challenging the global poultry industry, as chickens only tolerate a narrow range of temperatures during heat stress. This review aims to assess the impact of heat stress on chicken performance, welfare, and probable mitigation strategies to ameliorate its hazard. The study reviewed research papers of different authors and revealed that heat stress affects the chicken's performance, nutrition, and health. Heat stress reduces feed efficiency, body weight, feed intake, and egg production, as well as an increase chicken mortality. Some mitigation strategies farmers have employed include modifying the environment by providing adequate ventilation and cooling systems and adjusting their nutrition to help lower the body's metabolic heat output and keep electrolyte levels stable under high-stress, high-temperature circumstances. Therefore, there is a pressing need to study the extent of the resilience of native chicken breeds to the effects of climate change. Moreover, it is necessary to develop newer varieties of chicken, especially heat-tolerant breed lines, in response to climate change and the diverse need of the farmers and consumers.
Impact of Heat Stress on Poultry Health and Performances, and Potential Mitigation Strategies
Animals, 2020
Heat stress is one of the major environmental stressors in the poultry industry resulting in substantial economic loss. Heat stress causes several physiological changes, such as oxidative stress, acid-base imbalance, and suppressed immunocompetence, which leads to increased mortality and reduced feed efficiency, body weight, feed intake, and egg production, and also affects meat and egg quality. Several strategies, with a variable degree of effectiveness, have been implemented to attenuate heat stress in poultry. Nutritional strategies, such as restricting the feed, wet or dual feeding, adding fat in diets, supplementing vitamins, minerals, osmolytes, and phytochemicals, have been widely studied and found to reduce the deleterious effects of heat stress. Furthermore, the use of naked neck (Na) and frizzle (F) genes in certain breed lines have also gained massive attention in recent times. However, only a few of these strategies have been widely used in the poultry industry. Therefor...
Strategies for preventing heat stress in poultry
World's Poultry Science Journal, 2006
Their higher production performance and feed conversion efficiency make today's chickens more susceptible to heat stress than ever before. The increasing proportion of poultry production in tropical and subtropical regions makes it necessary to reconsider the long-term selection strategy of today's commercial breeding programmes. Also, the importance of the potential use of Naked neck and Frizzle genes is accentuated. Nutritional strategies aimed to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress by maintaining feed intake, electrolytic and water balance or by supplementing micronutrients such as Vitamins and minerals to satisfy the special needs during heat stress have been proven advantageous. To enhance the birds' thermotolerance by early heat conditioning or feed restriction seems to be one of the most promising management methods in enhancing the heat resistance of broiler chickens in the short run. AERTS, J-M., BERCKMANS, D., SAEVELS, P., DECUYPERE, E. and BUYSE, J. (2000) Modelling the static and dynamic responses of total heat production of broiler chickens to step changes in air temperature and light intensity. British Poultry Science 41: 651-659. AIT-BOULAHSEN, A., GARLICH, J.D. and EDENS, F.W. (1995) Potassium chloride improves the thermotolerance of chickens exposed to acute heat stress. Poultry Science 74: 75-87. ALLEMAN, F. and LECLERCQ, B. (1997) Effect of dietary protein and environmental temperature on growth performance and water consumption of male broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 38: 607-610. ALMIRALL, M., COS, R., ESTEVE-GARCIA E. and BRUFAU, J. (1997) Effect of inclusion of sugar beet pulp, pelleting and season on laying hen performance. British Poultry Science 38: 530-536. Heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a selection criterion for heat resistance in domestic fowls. British Poultry Science 38: 159-163. ARJONA, A.A., DENBOW, D.M. and WEAVER, W.D. (1988) Effect of heat stress early in life on mortality of broilers exposed to high temperature just prior to marketing. Poultry Science 67: 226-231. Early age thermal conditioning and a dual feeding program for male broilers challenged by heat stress. Poultry Science 80: 29-36. (2004) Physiological responses of broiler chickens to heat stress and dietary electrolyte balance (sodium plus potassium minus chloride, milliequivalents per kilogram). Poultry Science 83: 1551-1558. BOTTJE, G. and HARRISON, P.C. (1985) The effects of tap water, carbonated water, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium chloride on blood acid-base balance in cockerels subjected to heat stress. Optimum dietary arginine: lysine ratio for broiler chickens in altered during heat stress in association with changes in intestinal uptake and dietary sodium chloride.
Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2004
Thermal environment is regarded as the prime factor governing the production because, both the feed consumption and heat production are related closely to the thermal environment. Therefore, heat stress is caused by a combination of environmental and animal factors that result in reduced performance as the animal attempts to cool itself. In this review, the physiological reactions of bodily functions during heat exposure in poultry are described. Thermal panting, the marked response of poultry to heat stress, is compensatory behavior to permit a high rate of evaporative cooling from the respiratory tract. Cardiorespiratory responses to thermal stress show different patterns among birds that are experienced or inexperienced with high ambient temperature. The effect of heat stress on changes of body fluids and renal function of poultry are reviewed. A number of methods to reduce heat stress on poultry production are presented along with various management considerations, including wat...
Heat Stress on Poultry Welfare: A Strategic Approach
International Journal of Livestock Research, 2015
In many parts of the world, the poultry industry has conquered a leading position among all the agricultural and allied sectors. Egg and meat industries have shown terrific improvement due to adoption of modernized management tools and preventive measures to lethal diseases. On the other hand, heat stress has emerged as one of the major constraint for future development of this industry particularly in the hot and humid parts of the world. Since birds are deprived of sweat glands thermoregulation becomes challenging in hot weather. Affected birds become poor producers and huge death in the flock can also be observed in some cases. Therefore, the sole objective of this review is to gather and deliver available scientific reports on heat stress in poultry including its prevention measures.
Impact of Heat Stress on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits in Some Broiler Chickens
Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2020
Environmental heat stress is one of the most challenging conditions in the world which have adverse impact on the industry of poultry. Broiler chicken strains are delicate to heat stress primarily due to not having sweat glands. The current study was aimed to investigate the effects of heat stress exposed on growth performance and Bio-physiological characteristics for (Cobb, Hubbard and Arbor Acres broiler hybrids) under the summer season when environmental conditions of Egypt were revealed. A total of three hundred one day old (one hundred birds from each hybrid) at one day of age were brooding under the same conditions of water, diet consumed, breeding system, vaccines and medications used during the period birds life even slaughtering age. The three strains were randomly divided into twelve groups (three strains "Cobb, Hubbard and Arbor Acres" X two treatments "control group and heat exposed group" X two replicates X twenty five chicks).The degrees of environmental temperature and relative humidity during housing are (Environmental temperature = 32°±2 Celsius degree, Relative humidity = 50±5 percentage) for control group and (Environmental temperature =40°±2 Celsius degree, Relative humidity= 20±5 percentage) for the heat stressed group. The body weight, body weight gain, edible parts of carcass (carcass, thigh, drum, breast muscles and giblets weight) and inedible parts of carcass (blood, feathers, head and legs weight) were recorded to heat stressed group and control group. Lymphatic organs such as spleen, thymus and bursa weight were measured also. The last results concluded that the Cobb strain showed the best growth performance and carcass characteristics under heat stress condition, while the Arbor Acres strain considered the best strain which didn't effected a lot in their rectal temperature such another strains with heat exposure. The Arbor Acres strain for each group (control and treated) have the highest viability. The control group and Hubbard strain showed an increase in bursa weight compared to heat exposed group and another strains. It was concluded that the Cobb strain has the best performance under heat stress comparing to the other strains broiler chicken.
Abstract Background and Objective: The global warming is a hot topic for poultry scientists because of its negative influence on the quantity and the quality of poultry production. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of heat stress on Myogenin and uncoupling protein (UCP) genes expression and some carcass traits in two strains of broilers. Materials and Methods: This study was divided into two separate experiments, which were conducted at the same time. In the both experiments, chicks were exposed to 24EC (control) or 2 h/day at 2-7 days of age and against exposed to 40EC or 3 h/day at 33-34 days of age (treated), while chicks were fed a starter diet contained 23 and 25% crude protein in first and second experiments, respectively. At days 4 and 35 of age, samples were collected to determine the gene expression using qRT-PCR. At slaughter, carcass traits were measured. The Myogenin gene which responsible for the formation of muscle tissues is severely affected by heat stress which resulted in a depression in carcass and muscles weight. So, from a practical point of view it's an important to compensate this accursed depression by raising the protein level in broiler diets. Results: The results showed that body weight, carcass, breast muscle relative weights of Cobb were significantly heavier compared to Ross. In general, the gene expression of both Myogenin and UCP genes were negatively influenced by heat stress, however, the increase in the protein (percentage) mitigated delirious heat stress effect, in both strains. Conclusion: Increasing the protein percentage may be used to alleviate the influence of heat stress and maintain the high yield of broilers.
The poultry sector produces chicken meat and eggs, which are the most significant protein sources among livestock foods. The industry is dealing with the effects of climate change, which is creating heat stress and negatively influencing poultry performance and well-being. Heat stress has been the most significant climatic stress confronting the worldwide poultry business, with birds having just a small temperature range when stressed. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of heat stress on the performance and well-being of hens. The study examined the research articles of numerous researchers and discovered that high temperature influences poultry performance, nutrition, and health. High temperature decreases feed efficiency, body weight, feed intake, and egg production while increasing the proportion of mortality and the incidence of pathological injuries in poultry fields, which generate major material losses.
Amelioration of Heat Stress for Poultry Welfare: A Strategic Approach
International Journal of Livestock Research, 2015
In many parts of the world, the poultry industry has conquered a leading position among all the agricultural and allied sectors. Egg and meat industries have shown terrific improvement due to adoption of modernized management tools and preventive measures to lethal diseases. On the other hand, heat stress has emerged as one of the major constraint for future development of this industry particularly in the hot and humid parts of the world. Since birds are deprived of sweat glands thermoregulation becomes challenging in hot weather. Affected birds become poor producers and huge death in the flock can also be observed in some cases. Therefore, the sole objective of this review is to gather and deliver available scientific reports on heat stress in poultry including its prevention measures.