Diphyllobothriasis of the Chiribaya Culture (700–1476 AD) of Southern Peru (original) (raw)
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Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 2003
Diphyllobothrium pacificum has been reported as a human parasite from coprolites and skeletons in Peru and Chile. Our analysis of Chinchorro mummies from Chile provides the oldest evidence of D. pacificum directly associated with human mummies. These mummies date between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago. The basis for our diagnosis is presented. We find that the size of the eggs in the mummies is smaller than other discoveries of D. pacificum. We suggest that this is due to the peculiar circumstances of preservation of parasite eggs within mummies and the release of immature eggs into the intestinal tract as the tapeworms decompose after the death of the host. This information is important to consider when making diagnoses from mummies.
Natural Resources , School of 2-22-2003 Pathoecology of Chiribaya Parasitism
2013
The excavations of Chiribaya culture sites in the Osmore drainage of southern Peru focused on the recovery of information about prehistoric disease, including parasitism. The archaeologists excavated human, dog, guinea pig, and llama mummies. These mummies were analyzed for internal and external parasites. The results of the analysis and reconstruction of prehistoric life from the excavations allows us to interpret the pathoecology of the Chiribaya culture.
Pathoecology of Chiribaya Parasitism
Memórias do Instituto …, 2003
The excavations of Chiribaya culture sites in the Osmore drainage of southern Peru focused on the recovery of information about prehistoric disease, including parasitism. The archaeologists excavated human, dog, guinea pig, and llama mummies. These mummies were analyzed for internal and external parasites. The results of the analysis and reconstruction of prehistoric life from the excavations allows us to interpret the pathoecology of the Chiribaya culture.
2021
Parasite studies in coprolites collected from archaeological sites contribute to increase the knowledge about paleoecological conditions and its implications on human populations in the past because of human-animal interactions in an ecological niche. A previous study of coprolites from the sub-level 5(8) (2,850±50 yr. BP) of Campo Cerda 1, an archaeological site in Argentine Patagonia, confirmed the presence of culpeo-fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) faeces with parasite remains. The present parasitological and molecular study focuses on a level dated at ca. 600 yr. BP. Ancient DNA (aDNA) from coprolites was isolated and sequenced to corroborate their zoological origin. The parasite identification was performed under an optical microscope. The aDNA analysis allowed the assignment of the collected coprolites to canids. Two samples were confirmed as from culpeo-fox by DNA sequencing. Polyparasitism was common to all samples, with Alaria sp. and Spirocercidae gen. sp. in a high density. Eight species of helminths coincide with those previously found in coprolites from older levels of Campo Cerda 1. By contrast, spirurids (probably, Spirurida gen. sp., Spirocerca sp. and Protospirura sp.), cestodes (Hymenolepidiidae gen. sp. and Spirometra sp.), a Dicrocoelliid digenean (attributable to Athesmia sp.), and an ectoparasite, Demodex sp., were only reported in the present work. The high occurrence of Alaria sp. in culpeo-fox from this site at different time periods during the Late Holocene suggests a permanent connection with the aquatic environment to obtain food. The similarity of parasitic assemblages between the 2,850±50 yr. BP and the ca. 600 yr. BP level suggests a high stability of such assemblages throughout this period. Abstract Parasite studies in coprolites collected from archaeological sites contribute to increase the
Paleparasitological INSC Int J Paleop 2013
Most paleoparasitological studies based on archeological sites in the New World are from pre-Columbian times. However, understanding of the introduction and spread of parasites with the arrival of European settlers and African slaves in America remains a topic for investigation. This study evaluated the presence of intestinal parasites in human remains from an archeological site of the colonial period, and compared the sensitivity of three parasitological techniques for paleoparasitological study. Samples were collected from the archeological site Nossa Senhora do Carmo Church, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Paleoparasitological examination revealed intestinal helminths in 2/17 (11.8%) individuals. Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris sp. eggs were found. The spontaneous sedimentation technique showed a greater numerical recovery of parasites, while the flotation techniques were superior in retrieving more parasite types. The study demonstrated that combining the three techniques improves the recovery of parasites in terms of number and diversity. Similar diversity of parasites to that of a previous historical archeological site suggests that the distribution of intestinal parasites was widespread in Rio de Janeiro, regardless of social status.
Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 2010
Current clinical data show a clear relationship between the zoonosis rates of Diphyllobothrium pacificum and Anisakis caused by the El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) phenomenon along the Chilean coast. These parasites are endemic to the region and have a specific habitat distribution. D. pacificum prefers the warmer waters in the northern coast, while Anisakis prefers the colder waters of Southern Chile. The ENSO phenomenon causes a drastic inversion in the seawater temperatures in this region, modifying both the cool nutrient-rich seawater and the local ecology. This causes a latitudinal shift in marine parasite distribution and prevalence, as well as drastic environmental changes. The abundance of human mummies and archaeological coastal sites in the Atacama Desert provides an excellent model to test the ENSO impact on antiquity. We review the clinical and archaeological literature debating to what extent these parasites affected the health of the Chinchorros, the earliest settlers of this region. We hypothesise the Chinchorro and their descendants were affected by this natural and cyclical ENSO phenomenon and should therefore present fluctuating rates of D. pacificum and Anisakis infestations.
The aim of the present study was to examine the parasite fauna present in rodent coprolites collected from Cueva Huenul 1 (CH1), northern Neuquén (Patagonia, Argentina), an archaeological site that provides stratified sequences of archaeological and palaeontological remains dating from the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Transition to the Late Holocene period. Twenty rodent coprolites collected from different sedimentary units from the site, with ages ranging from 13.844 ± 75-1.416 ± 37 years BP, were examined for parasites. Each coprolite was processed as a whole: rehydrated, homogenised, spontaneously sedimented and examined using light microscopy. The coprolites and the eggs of any parasites present were described, measured and photographed. In all, 158 parasite eggs were found in 10 coprolites. The faeces were positive for Viscachataenia quadrata Denegri, Dopchiz, Elissondo & Beveridge and Monoecocestus sp. Beddard (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) and for Heteroxynema (Cavioxyura) viscaciae Sutton & Hugot (Nematoda: Oxyuridae). The coprolites examined were tentatively attributed to Lagidium viscacia Molina (Mammalia, Rodentia, Caviomorpha, Chinchillidae). The life cycles of these parasites are discussed.